Disease Barriers
what are five methods by which our bodies have nonspecific immunity?
physical and chemical barriers
blood and lymphatics
phagocytosis
inflammation
fever
which leukocytes are the first responders and have short lived activity
neutrophils or PMN's (polymorphonulear leukocytes)
the causative agent of tetanus
clostridium tetani
cholera is caused by what shape of bacteria?
vibrio
which type of bacteria causes rheumatic fever?
streptococcus
tongue infection by neissueria gonorrhoeae is called:
gonococcal glossitis
what are seven factors that affect the bacterial composition of the oral cavity
temperature
nutrients
oxygen
saliva
pH
host factors
microbial interactions
bacterial plaque forms within a _____ extracellular matrix
polysaccharide
list 4 of the 9 main microflora involved with periodontitis
A actinomycetecomitans,
P gingivalis,
T forsythia
P intermedia
T denticola
C rectus
P micros
F nucleatum
selenomonas
what are the three granulocytes in circulation
basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
which leukocytes have a slower response than neutrophils and present antigens to T cells?
monocytes/macrophages
bacterial skin infection causing skin and mucosal lesions, more common in developing countries
leprosy
how is salmonellosis acquired?
ingestion
circulatory infections caused by obligate intracellular parasites are called:
rickettsial infections
normal flora: facultative anaerobic strep bacteria is found on the:
lips
what is the normal temperature of the oral cavity
35-36 degrees
the first stage of plaque formation
cell free pellicle
which three bacteria are in socransky's red complex (high risk for perio)
T forsythia
P gingivalis
T denticola
what are the two agranulocytes in circulation
lymphocytes and monocytes
another name for antibodies
immunoglobulins
penicillin resistant bacterium causing caruncles, caruncles, impetigo, cellulitis
staphylococcus aureus and epidermis
which form of E. coli infection is traveller's diarrhea?
exterotlxic (ETEC)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is spread by
ticks
normal flora: ____ species and ____ species are found on the palate
actinomyces
streptococcal
periodontal pockets with active disease can reach temperatures up to
39 degrees
how long does it take for ram positive cocci and short rods to colonize the pellicle in plaque formation
1-2 days
what two colours of socransky's complexes are the lowest risk for perio?
green and purple
which two WBC are phagocytes
neutrophils and macrophages (mature monocytes)
three functions of immunoglobulins
neutralize toxins
opsonize pathogens
activate the complement system
illness caused by streptococcus pyogenes
scarlet fever
what is the causative agent of typhoid fever?
salmonella typhi
typhus is spread by ___ and ____
fleas and rats
normal flora: _____ species and ____ species are found on the buccal mucosa
streptococcal
haemophilus
normal oral pH range is
6.75-7.25
by which days do gram negative cocci begin to populate plaque
2-4
what is the difference between peri implant mucositis and implantitis?
mucositis: soft tissue disease only
implantitis: infection deteriorating peri-implant bone as well
___ inhibits the growth of some microorganisms by altering the environmental temperature
fever
Which lymphocyte intensifies the immune response and produces cytokines?
T lymphocytes
measles
causative agent behind bacterial meningitis
neisseria meningitidis
rickettsial pox is spread by
mice
the ratio of bacteria:epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa is
5-25:1
____ bacteria feeds on sugars and produces acids
acidogenic
by day ___, the number of streptococci in the plaque begin to decrease
8
another name for dry socket
alveolar osteitis
what are the three types of specific immunity
humoral
cell mediated
acquired
which conditions involve the development of antigen-antibody complexes that cause damage to tissues and organs
autoimmune diseases
how is chickenpox spread?
respiratory droplets
which type of hepatitis A occurs with jaundice?
icteric
neissieria gonorrhoeae is a gram pos/neg bacteria
negative
the ratio of bacteria:epithelial cells of the tongue is
100:1
two common acidogenic bacteria in the oral cavity:
vibrios and spirochetes appear in plaque by days__ -___ causing gingival inflammation
11-14
Ludwig angina
which immune cell produces antibodies
b lymphocytes
what type of disease is graves disease
autoimmune
bacteria responsible for diphtheria URTI
coynebacterium diphtheriae
how long before possible exposure to Hep A should the vaccine be given?
2 weeks
gonorrhoea often involved in confection with ___
chlamydia (trachomatis)
which 4 bacteria on the tongue contribute to halitosis?
porphyromonas, prevotella, fusobacterium, treponema
bacteria that increases if gingival sulci become alkaline
porphyromonas gingivalis (p gingivalis)
gingivitis becomes clinically present by days ___-___ of plaque formation
14-21 (2-3 weeks)
the species responsible for the most common opportunistic actinomycosis of the oral cavity
A israelii
which immune cell initiates the cascade of defences in cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
condition in which the thymus gland is congenitally missing
thymic aplasia or digeorge syndrome
pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by _____ and bacterial pneumonia is caused by _____, ______, _____, and ______.
strep. pneumoniae
strep pyogenes, staph aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae
which type of hepatitis has a longer onset and duration than hep A and is linked with liver disease?
Hep B
causative agent of syphilis
treponema pallidum
what is the only place stomatococcus mucilaginous is found
the tongue
proteins
glycoproteins
____ has similar microbial composition to crevicular spaces
calculus
candidiasis in which there is a soft removable white plaque with a red/bleeding base
acquired immunity in which a person is exposed to an antigen and produces their own antibodies
natural active
also called Digeorge syndrome
thymic aplasia
legionnaires disease is a URTI or LRTI
LRTI
viral infection that destroys motor neurone causing flaccid paralysis
poliomyelitis
treponema pallidum is an aerobic/anaerobic _____ (shape) bacteria
anaerobic spirochete
the ____ normal flora contains mostly Strep oralis, strep mitis, and some strep sangiunis
cheek
which immunoglobulin helps prevent bacterial attachment in the oral cavity?
calculus is ___%-____% inorganic salts
70-90
candidiasis in which there is are smooth, flat, red lesions on the dorsum of the tongue or hard palate
erythematous
acquired immunity in which antibodies are passed from mother to infant
natural passive
which treatment is given to high HIV risk patients?
pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
causative agent of whooping cough
bordatella pertussis
viral GI infection with rapid onset and recovery, highly contagious, transmitted via fecal-oral route
norwalk virus
a chancre appears in which stage of syphilis
primary
the ____ normal flora is mostly strep oxalis, strep mitis, and strep salivarius mostly
tongue
most bacteria in the oral cavity in the first month after birth are gram pos/neg
pos
this cariogenic bacteria is the MOST cariogenic, requires a hard surface to adhere to, and is seen in early plaque formation
strep mutans
candidiasis in which there are raised, white, non removable plaques
hyperplastic
acquired immunity in which a person is exposed to an inactive antigen via vaccination and produces their own antibodies
artificial active
what treatment is given to individuals who may have been exposed to HIV and must be started within 72 hours?
post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
a fungal LRTI caused by inhalation of spores from bird/bat excrement
histoplasmosis
herpes infection of the eye is called
herpetic keratitis
how long after exposure to treponema pallidum does secondary stage syphilis begin?
6-8 weeks
the two most common bacteria in pits and fissures of teeth are:
Strep mutans
Actinomyces naeslundii
which two strep species are not present in the oral cavity unless there are teeth
mutans and sanguinis
____ attaches to already carious lesions and contributes to caries progression
lactobacilli
mandibular osteomyelitis and acute supportive parotitis are both caused by what type of bacteria?
staphylococcus
acquired immunity in which a person obtains antibodies or immunologic defences via injection
artificial passive
list four oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS
hairy leukoplakia
candidiasis
kaposis's sarcoma
NUG/NUP
lymphoma
recurrent apthous ulcers
which type of virus causes influenza?
orthomyxoviruses
the type of food poisoning that involves the production of deadly nerve toxins leading to difficulty speaking, blurred vision, heart failure, respiratory paralysis
botulism
the accumulation of ___ in tertiary syphilis causes CNS and cardiovascular dysfunction often leading to death
gummas
_______surfaces of teeth normal flora is mostly A naeslundii, A Israeli, strep species, veiollonella, prevotella
interproximal
oral spirochetes are not common in the oral cavity until what age
13 years
______ is primarily responsible for root caries
Actinomyces naeslundii
viral disease involving swollen, painful salivary glands, especially the papilla of the Stenson's duct.
mumps
condition in which there are too many immunoglobulins produced
hypergammaglobulinemias
of which illness is reye syndrome a possible complication? (acute increase in pressure on the brain/spinal cord and massive fat accumulation in the liver)
influenza
hep E
what percentage of HSV-2 infections remain subclinical?
90%
herpangina and hand/foot/mouth disease are both caused by:
coxsackievirus A