Inflammation
Sentinel Cells
Neutrophils and Macrophages
Complement
Choose at Your Own Risk
100

5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Swelling, Heat, Altered Function, Redness, Pain

100

Name three kinds of Sentinel Cells and what they do

Macrophages, Mast Cells, and Dendritic Cells

100

When do Neutrophils appear in inflammed tissue? Macrophages?

Neutrophils: within hours

Macrophages: 12-24 hours

100

Name the three different Complement Activation Pathways and briefly describe how they are activated.

Classical: Antibody-mediated

Alternative: Spontaneously activated

Lectin: PAMP mediated

100

Name five differences between innate and adaptive immunity.

Innate: Rapid, preformed, broadly specific, induces inflammation, no memory, mediated by mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils

Adaptive: slow (days to weeks), very specific, retains memory, responds to the detection of pathogens, mediated by lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells

200

How are pathogens recongnized in the body?

Via PAMPS and PRR's

200

When are chemokines released and what is their function?

Released after inflammation, function is to attract other cells to site of inflammaton

200

Name 5 ways Neutrophils participate in microbial destruction

Phagocytosis

Respiratory Burst (O2 radicals)

Antimicrobial Peoptides (drill holes in pathogen)

Lytic Enzymes (lysis)

Neutrophil Extracellular traps

200

What is MAC? What is it composed of and what does it do?

Membrane Attack Complex, formed by C3-9, "drills holes" into surface of pathogen results in osomotic lysis

200

What are Arachidonic Acid Products?

An additional contributor to inflammation/innate immunity

Vasoactive lipids cleaved from membranes (converted to prostaglandins, leukotriens, thromboxanes)

Promotes inflammation, causes pain, etc

300

What are some physical barriers pathogens must bypass in order to eventually cause inflammation?

Skin, Mucosa, and Saliva

300

What molecules do the granules in Mast Cells contain and what do they do?

Histamine: stimulates endothelial cells to release nitric oxide (vasodilator)

Heparin: anticoagulant to decrease clotting ability

300

Describe the differences between M1 and M2 macrophages

M1 (microbial killing): ingest and kill surviving microbial invaders, sustain phagocytic activity, promotes inflammation

M2 (tissue recovery): phagocytose dead/dying neutrophils, recruits fibroblasts to repair tissues, suppresses inflammation

300

Describe Opsonization

Opsin: C3b

Complement molecule found on surface of pathogens that bind to complement receptors on phagocytes 


300

What is a granuloma? What causes it? 

A lesion characterized by mononuclear cell infliltration and extensive fibrosis. It is caused by chronic inflammation.

400

Name the four cell types that lead to inflammation

Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic Cells, and Mast Cells

400

Name the cytokines that lead to inflammatory response, and how they do it specifically

TNF-alpha: vasodilator, brings in infalmaatory cells

IL-1: lethargy, inappetence, and fever

IL-6: fever, initiated adaptive response

400

Describe 3 similarities and 3 differences of Neutrophils vs Macrophages

Similarities: made in bone marrow throughout life, squeeze through capillaries into tissues by the same mechanism, have phagocytic activity

Differences: N-multilobed nucleus while M-mononiclear, N-do not divide in tx M-can multiply and divide in tx, N- short lived: 24-48hrs M- longer lived: weeks to months

400

What are "soluble factors" and what do they lead to?

C3a and C5a

Potent chemokines: contribute to inflammation by increasing permeability, chemotaxis for neutrophils and macrophages

400

A cow has bacterial bronchopneumonia. What physical barrier did the bacteria cross to cause this? Name two cellular components from the innate immune system that will combat this disease.

Mucociliary escalator

Macrophages and the Neutrophils

500

Edema: what is it and what causes it

When increased vascular permeability leads to fluid leakage into tissues

Can be caused bu acute allergic reaction, ingury, or systemic inflammation

500

What is systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and what causes it?

A.k.a septic shock (infection/inflammation of organs), can lead to organ failure

Results from "cytokine storm" in response to severe microbial infection

500

What is BLAD/CLAD? What causes it? How does this affect the immune system?

Bovine/Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Caused by integrin deficiency: neutrophils can't roll/stop on endothelium, they never make it into tx, meaning they cant phagocytose or kill bacteria

500

What is the genetic defect that leads to extremely low levels of or absent serum C3 called? What could be the result? Are clinical signs more apparent in heterozygous or homozygous animals?

Complement deficiency: decreased ability to opsonize and lyse bacteria, diminished B cell response

This leads to an increased incidence of sepsis and local bacterial infections

Clinical signs seen more in homozygous animals 

500

A 5-month-old puppy, Leo, comes into your clinic this afternoon. You previously treated Leo for parvovirus infection 2 months ago. Leo got very ill, but through supportive care you were able to save Leo. The owner has brought Leo in again today because she is sure that Leo was exposed to parvovirus again and has started having some diarrhea. Name two cellular components of the innate system that will be activated?

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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