Regulations
91.179
NEODD, SWEVEN, (no +500 feet), based off of magnetic course
Standard takeoff minimums
What is 200 FPNM, 35' above DER, and 400' AGL before any turns
This must be present for icing to form
What is visible moisture and structural temperature at or below freezing.
Instrument cockpit check
Airspeed - true at zero. Attitude - blue over brown, < 5 degrees bank. Altimeter +/- 75' of field elevation. T.C. - wings level ball in cage, then wing in direction of turn ball opposite. Heading - matches compass. VSI - note error, no more than +/-100 FPM
When is an instrument rating required?
< VFR Wx mins
File IFR
Class A airspace
SVFR between sunset/sunrise
To carry passengers for hire more than 50nm day or at night
91.171
Airborne - +/- 6
Ground reference - +/-4
VOT - +/- 4
Dual - +/-4
DEPS
Difference between ODP, SID, STAR
ODP - mainly for obstacle clearance, pilot requests/informs ATC
SID - alleviate ATC workload, improves efficiency, larger airports
STAR - same as SID but reverse phase of flight
This three-letter code in a METAR indicates the height of the lowest ceiling, and is the value used to determine if the ceiling meets standard instrument approach minimums.
What is BKN or OVC
Rule to determine if alternate is required
0 instrument approaches or 0 wx reporting
1 hr before/after ETA
2,000' ceiling
3sm
Gyroscopic instruments? Pitot-Static instruments? Vacuum driven? Electrically driven?
Gyroscopic (Attitude, Heading, T.C)
Pitot-Static (Airspeed, Altimeter, VSI)
Vacuum (Attitude, Heading)
Electric (T.C.)
91.185
IFR - AVEF, MEA
FPM if GS is 80, and required climb gradient is 260 FPNM.
347 FPM
Describe the 3 ingredients for a thunderstorm and the 3 stages
Lifting mechanism, sufficient moisture, instability.
Cumulus - primarily updrafts
Mature - precipitation, both updrafts and downdrafts
Dissipating - primarily downdrafts
VOR errors
Approach category speeds
A - <90
B - 91-120
C - 121-140
D - 141-165
E - >165
91.183 + AIM 5-3-3
Missed Approach, Airspeed +/- 10 kts or 5%, Reaching holding fix, VFR on top, ETA +/- 2min, Leaving a holding fix, Outer marker, Unforecasted Weather, Safety of flight, Vacating an altitude, F.A.F (inbound), Radio/Nav failure, Compulsory reporting points, 500 FPM climb/descent unable
FPNM if 10 knot headwind, Vy climb out, and 350 FPM.
305 FPNM
Examples of anti-icing and/or de-icing equipment and pros/cons to each of them
Boots, con - only covers leading edge, pro - operates off of bleed air
Weeping wing, con - can only carry so much fluid, pro - airflow will take fluid over all of wing
Bleed air, con - pilot may not start at right time, pro - never going to run out
Explain RAIM & WAAS?
RAIM monitors integrity of GPS satellites
WAAS gives a more precise position of our aircraft using wide are reference stations, master stations, and geo-stationary satellites.
How much RVR is 7/8 sm
4,500 feet
91.175 (c) & (e)
What is continuous position to land using normal maneuvers, flight visibility met, visual reference in sight (ALS*, threshold...). Operation below MDA, upon arrival at DA/DH and it's use is required, identifiable part of airport not distinctly visible during circling approach*.
Weather takeoff minimums for Part 91, and 91.175(f)
Part 91 - zero ceiling, zero visibility
91.175(f) - two engines or less, 1sm. More than two engines, 1/2 sm
An instrument pilot crossing a mountain range on the downwind side in strong perpendicular winds may encounter severe turbulence and strong updrafts/downdrafts even in clear air, often marked by this distinctive cloud formation potential structural-threatening conditions below the wave crest.
Rotor cloud
MSL altitude block for a VH VOR that goes out only 70NM
5000' - 14500'
Explain in depth the pitot-static system and all of the errors that can happen with blockages
ASI - pitot tube and static port, diaphragm
ALT - static port, aneroid wafer
VSI - static port, calibrated lead, diaphragm