Apple
At FEV of 85% is an indication of what?
Bonus if you can name what an FEV of below 70 means
A healthy individual
Below 70 indicates an airway obstruction
Do elite athletes have higher or lower ventilation rates than untrained athletes
Women have decreased
Lung size
Airway diameter
Diffusion surface
Static and Dynamic Lung Function Muscles
What% of air is nitrogen and oxygen
Air is 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen
What is dalton's law of partial pressures
Each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its number of molecules
Partial pressure = total pressure x fraction of a gas
At a given temperature, when a mix of gasses is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure gradient and solubility
Explain the Oxygen Tranport Cascade
Pressure is highest in the air, still very pressurized in alveoli and arteries
Pressure falls off in the capillaries and in the blood (myoglobin) where there is almost no pressure
Pressure is highest in atmopshere and lowest in the mitochondria
What are the 3 factors affecting Gas exchange and what is the law associated with this
2. Diffusion capacity
3. Characteristics of the barrier
This is Fick's law of diffusion
What is our ventilation perfusion ratio during light exercise vs intense exercise
Light: Around 0.8 liters
Intense: Around 5 liters
IS blood flow higher to the lower portion of the lungs or the upper portion
BF is higher in the lower portion of the lungs (bottom ribs)
We want our ratio of ventilation:blood flow to be 1, higher the ratio the rose it is
What % of out blood is Oxygen bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
How much hemoglobin in grams is present in 100ml
15g or 15g% hemoglobin is present, for women this can be lower due to their period around 13-16
Men have a g% of 15% compared to women which is between 13-16 due to menstruation. Therefore a male will have more oxygen /100ml compared to females which leads to better aerobic performance
What shifts the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve?
1. Decrease in pH (bohr effect) shifts the curve to the right
2. Increase in Temperature shift the curve right
3. Decrease 2-3 DPG shifts the curve right
After one hemoglobin binds it becomes harder for the next 3 to bind
False once one binds it becomes easier for hemoglobin to bind, thus we do it very fast
What is the ratio of myoglobin to oxygen and hemoglobin to oxygen
Myoglobin is 1:1 and Hemoglobin is 4:1
Where does O2 and CO2 offload and load
CO2 offloads at the lungs and load at the tissues
What is the arteriovenous O2 difference
AVO2 is the difference between the O2 content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood
What causes a bigger effect changes in PO2 or minor changes in PCO2
Small changes in PCO2 has major impacts
When our ventilation increases exponentially this is a sign that we reached what
Our ventilatory threshold (anaerobic threshold)
What are some effect of VE and PO2 that will result from being an elite athlete
Ventilation threshold will occur at a higher % of VO2 max
PO2 will decrease 30-40 mmhg near maximal
Increase in ____ leads to increases in ventilation
Increases in tidal volume
How is pulmonary ventilation regulated?
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem act as a pacemaker
What is the main complex that controls inspiration
Prebotzinger complex
What control the rate and depth of breathing
An area in the pons
Between inspiration and expiration which one is passive and active
Inspiration is active and expiration is passive