Chapter 8: Schools in Context
Youth who experience school failure become frustrated and angry by their failure and engage in delinquency. This represents what type of relationship?
A. direct
B. indirect
C. spurious
D. no relationship
Ans: A. direct
According to Frederick Thrasher, an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously and then integrated through conflict is called a______.
A. youth group
B. cult
C. gang
D. bunch of friends
Ans: C. gang
The stated goal of the juvenile justice system was originally designed to be the ______ of juveniles.
A. punishment
B. treatment
C. incarceration
D. rehabilitation
Ans: D rehabilitation
Police work allows for substantial ______ in determining how to perform their jobs.
A. demands
B. direction
C. discretion
D. determination
Ans: C. discretion
When we talk about the juvenile justice system, we often make it sound like there is one uniform system, but the truth is that there are ______ separate systems.
A. 49
B. 50
C. 51
D. 2
Ans: B. 50
Which of the following are NOT a characteristic of bullying?
A. repetitious
B. a single act
C. aggressive
D. done to stigmatize someone
Ans: B. a single act
Party gangs mostly engage in what activity?
A. drug sales
B. violence
C. burglary
D. arson
Ans: A. drug sales
A justification for punishment that is based on the idea of just deserts; punishment that is proportionate to the act that a person has committed is called ______.
A. incapacitation
B. retribution
C. specific deterrence
D. general deterrence
Ans: B. retribution
Brown, Novak, and Frank (2009) found that police were more likely to arrest ______ than ______ for similar behavior.
A. males, females
B. adults, juveniles
C. females, males
D. juveniles, adults
Ans: D. juveniles, adults
Which stage of the juvenile justice process is the equivalent of the adult criminal trial?
A. intake
B. detention hearing
C. adjudication
D. disposition
Ans: C. adjudication
The criminalization of minor infractions in schools is what type of policy?
A. no holds barred
B. zero-tolerance
C. high-stakes
D. tough on crime
Ans: B.zero-tolerance
Having female friends ______ boys’ involvement in delinquent behaviors.
A. increases
B. encourages
C. constrains
D. promotes
Ans: C. constrains
It was believed that ______ would increase the crime rate among juveniles in the 2000s.
A. gang members
B. people of color
C. LGBT youth
D. superpredators
Ans: D. superpredators
Informal means for handling juvenile crimes reduces the likelihood that youth are ______.
A. charged with a crime
B. released to their parents
C. given a verbal warning
D. suspended from school
Ans: A. charged with a crime
The process by which it is decided whether a juvenile will be handled in the juvenile justice system or the adult justice system is called ______.
A. transfer
B. adjudication
C. waiver
D. disposition
Ans: C. waiver
Which of the following is NOT an example of direct cyberbullying?
A. spreading gossip via a mobile phone
B. sending a virus-infected file
C. excluding someone from a group
D. sending obscene pictures
Ans: A. spreading gossip via a mobile phone
Children who experience rejection by their peers have been shown to have a(n) ______ likelihood of involvement in delinquent behavior in their ______ years
A. increased, preteen
B. increased, teenage
C. decreased, teenage
D. decreased, preteen
Ans: B. increased, teenage
Which court case ruled that the highest standard of proof, “beyond a reasonable doubt,” needed to be used in juvenile proceedings to protect juveniles from the possibility of undeserved confinement in a juvenile institution?
A. In re Winship
B. In re Gault
C. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
D. Kent v. United States
Ans: A. In re Winship
Girls who engage in ______ behavior are treated less harshly than girls who break gender norms.
A. gender-appropriate
B. gender-inappropriate
C. immoral
D. illegal
Ans: A. gender-appropriate
Which type of juvenile correctional treatment consists of release back into the community (to the juvenile’s parent or guardian) and sets conditions or rules that the juvenile must follow for a set amount of time?
A. parole
B. probation
C. restitution
D. detention
Ans: B. probation
Zero-tolerance policies in schools were first introduced through the ______.
A. No Child Left Behind Act
B. Violent Crime Act
C. Violence Against Women Act
D. Gun-Free Schools Act
Ans: D. Gun-Free Schools Act
Which theory characterizes youth gangs as the result of a formation of a peer group that actively opposes middle-class mainstream norms of nonviolent behavior through the creation of a hypermasculine, aggressive subculture?
A. deviant culture
B. routine activities
C. labeling
D. subculture of violence
Ans: D. subculture of violence
Due process rights for juveniles emerged during the 19______s.
A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 70
Ans: C. 60
Some current research argues that ______ still exists and that, much like the experiences of girls at the beginning of the 1900s, currently girls are still held to gender norms and a higher standard of morality, with harsher outcomes especially for status offenses.
A. maternalism
B. sexism
C. paternalism
D. classism
Ans: C. paternalism
Which type of juvenile correctional treatment is designed to compensate the crime victim for the harm done to him or her?
A. parole
B. probation
C. restitution
D. detention
Ans: C. restitution