Key Terms
Define health equity
The state in which everyone has the opportunity to attain full health potential, and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position or any other socially defined circumstance.
How would you define the organizational level of the Socio-Ecological Model?
Schools, businesses, community organizations, organizational characteristics, rules and regulations for operations
Is stroke an acute or chronic condition?
Acute
However, stroke-related disabilities can be potentially chronic conditions
Explain the fish bowl metaphor
If the bowl (environment) in which a fish (person) lives is bad quality, the fish (person) will never reach their full health potential, despite any individual effort.
Define health disparity
A population or group-level difference in health that is systemic, avoidable, unfair, or unjust.
What is the Socio-Ecological Model?
Model that focuses on the interaction between individuals and their physical and sociocultural environments.
Given an example of a chronic health condition
Example: heart disease
Define the social determinants of health
Framework for understanding the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, and people's access to power, money and resources that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes
What is an epidemiologist? What do they do?
They study the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. They use data to prevent undesirable health events and promote positive health factors in a community
Name three levels of the socio-ecological model
Policy, community, organization, interpersonal, individual
What is the difference between secondary and tertiary prevention?
Secondary prevention is screening to identify diseases in its earliest stages before onset of symptoms occur while tertiary prevention is managing disease to slow or stop disease progression.
True or false: Everyone living in the same neighborhood will have equal access to surrounding grocery stores.
False
What's the difference between epidemic and endemic?
Epidemic: an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or event in a particular population.
Endemic: a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course.
Give an example of a policy and community factor that affects dental care?
Policy: fluoridated water policies; requiring all states to provide dental care to children on Medicaid
Community: Access to stores with healthy/low-sugar foods, living in a "dental desert" where there aren't enough dentists for the number of people, living in a place where skipping preventative dental care is the norm
What are two examples of common health indicators?
infant mortality (number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births) & life expectancy (average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates)
Name 3 social determinants of health
-Education access and quality
-Health care access and quality
-Economic stability
-Neighborhood and Built Environment
-Social and Community Context
Why would we use age-adjusted death rates?
This controls for the effects of differences in population age distributions.
What level of the SEM would this be at: the number of student parking spots available on campus
Organizational: If we're thinking about how many spots the University decides to allow students access to
Community: If we're thinking about the total amount of space available in a community.
Policy: If we're thinking about how city parking regulations may impact the total number of parking spots available.
Compare incidence rate with prevalence rate (you can use the BathTub metaphor)
Incidence: number of new health-related events or cases of a disease in a given time period, divided by the total number in the population at risk during the same period. Important for acute diseases where symptoms occur and subside within days or weeks.
Prevalence: number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total number in that population. Useful when studying chronic diseases (that usually last 3 months or longer) and allocating resources.
What % of our health is linked to zip code?
50%