Definitions
Define Leisure
Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non‑work time.
State an example of Niche tourism
- Adventure example
- Movie location example
- Heritage example
Define primary and secondary tourist resource
Primary Tourist Resources are the main tourist attractions. For example climate, scenery (desert, national parks), coastal resorts, historic and heritage buildings (Cape Coast castle), indigenous cultures, cultural dance, and festivals.
Secondary Tourist Resources can be external (airports, sea ports, road networks that cut across national borders, railway) or it can be internal (car parks, well-developed signposts, hotels, electricity, internet services, restaurants, water supply, sanitation).
Define niche tourism and give 1 example
Niche tourism is a form of tourism that caters for the needs of small numbers of tourists. There are many forms of niche tourism, which include Adventure tourism, Ecotourism, Heritage tourism, Movie tourism, Agro tourism, Medical tourism, Silver (grey) tourism, and Dark tourism.
Define unstainable tourism
Unsustainable tourism is tourism that fails to consider the livelihood and culture of the local population and does little to protect the natural environment/resources.
Define Sport
A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. The activity may be competitive.
Outline two factors in international tourism that have led to an increase in tourists visiting remote areas.
- Technology- advertisements/social media, cheaper/fast air transport, booking online via internet
- Development of infrastructure - previously inaccessible locations are not accessible to visitors. Pathways and transport links have been developed.
Climate - appropriate for specific type of tourism (eg sunny for beaches, snowy for ski resorts etc)
Natural environment (eg beaches, beautiful scenery, mountains, coral reefs)
Ecology (eg wild animals for safari, rich reef life, jungle)
Human:
Accessibility (eg airports, road links)
Population distribution (is it near to large centres of population who might visit?)
Affordability (is it good value for money? Currency issues will influence this)
Media profile
Safety (is it safe to visit?)
Proximity to other tourist sites
Outline one way in which investment by transnational corporations (TNCs) can help places grow as tourist destinations. [2]
- could improve infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, hotel and internet services)
- employment opportunities eg tour guides, drivers
- increase in Gov revenue and FDI
- helps to advertise the country's tourist potential
- develops skills of local people through training
Define environmental carrying capacity, and give an example of a location that you know that exceeds this
The limit of a site beyond which wear and tear will start taking place or environmental problems will arise.
Define Tourism
Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Note that this definition excludes day‑trippers.
State and explain two reasons for increased leisure time
- Increase in disposable income
- Increase in advertisement
- Improvement in transportation
- Cheaper cost of transportation
- More leisure time allocated for workers
- Paid leaves
- Early retirement
Define sphere of influence and give an example of an event which would have a large sphere of influence
Sphere of Influence - the area from which the event draws its competitors and/or supporters
Large sphere of influence - For example, the Olympics, World Cup, Formula 1, National league sports, famous monuments & landmarks
Outline 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of TNCs for 1) local residents
2) government
1) adv- increase in jobs available, increased competition with local businesses
disadv- increase competition could put businesses out of work, increased traffic, strain on public utilities (water, electricity, food)
2) adv- more tax revenue, reduces cost of unemployment benefit
disadv- TNCs take profits back to HQ [leakage], large TNCs can control gov in LICs
Explain 3 conflicts between locals and tourists in Venice
- Loss of local culture due to tourists’ culture
- View Large cruise ships as a pest
- Severe congestion and overcrowding (People)
- Tourists disrespect historical and heritage sites
- Congestion and overcrowding (Roads)
- Tourist Pigeon culture
- Inflation
- Economic problems (overpriced services)
- Littering and pollution
Define hotspot
This is an area of intense leisure activities that attract above above-average number of visitors. Tourists are attracted to these areas because they have primary and secondary resources and they are accessible.
Explain the link between economic development and participation in leisure in both LICs and HICs
HIC = higher participation. Gov provides infrastructure, individuals can afford to buy tickets to sports games/events, individuals are educated in the more complex sports.
LIC = lower participation. Lack of Gov funding in infrastructure. Unable to afford equipment. Too many hours spent working/surviving. Men typically participate in more activities than women.
Explain 2 factors that affect 1) the location of NBA teams and 2) the distribution of NBA supporters
In the Maldives, tourism is used as a development strategy. Outline 1 cost and 1 benefit of this.
SEEP !
Bans on day trippers
Cruise ship size limit and only allowing access from the west end of the city
One way roads to reduce congestion on roads and canals
Fines for tourists who ignore cultural rules
Banning to sale of grain to feed pigeons
Gov building more affordable housing for locals
Patrol popular sites to rebuke tourists littering
Blocking off areas to prevent littering
Define carrying capacity
The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy at one time.
Bhutan vs UK
Explain 3 factors that affect participation in sports and tourism in each country.
- Affluence ($)
- Stage of life cycle (age)
- Place of residence
- Personality
- Employment
Outline 2 costs and 2 benefits of the Glastonbury Festival
- SEEP
Explain two factors that must be considered before a country can host the Olympics
Political- peace/stability, political isolation, memberships in intl organizations
Economic- level of development, number of cities, financial benefits involved
Social- Level of interest by the people (supporting and history of participation in sport)
[not taught] define sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism - "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities."