Theory and Research
Dr. Langley’s work is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Dr. Langley’s field of study is __________.
developmental science
Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess’s research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.
easy
According to Piaget, when children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.
assimilate; accommodate
What is meant by a "proximodistal" trend of body growth?
The arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.
the United States
Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.
resilience
Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend, Missy. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________ during infancy and childhood
basic trust; autonomy
Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget’s __________ stage of development.
formal operations
__________ are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons.
Synapses
In cultures that emphasize collectivism, people value __________.
collaborative endeavors or group harmony
Central to __________’s theory is the concept of adaptation.
Piaget
According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who __________.
feels forced and shamed
The Vygotskian concept of __________ refers to a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.
zone of proximal development
The __________ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.
prefrontal cortex
The term teratogen refers to __________.
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.
natural selection; survival of the fittest
According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
internal working model
__________ can be thought of as a “mental workspace” that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
working memory
The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is known as __________.
lateralization
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.
zygote
Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.
discontinuous
The __________ attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity.
disorganized/disoriented
The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
central executive
Babies who _______ breastfeed three times longer than infants who sleep alone.
sleep with their parents or cosleep
Which concept places the most emphasis on bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment?
Epigenesis or Epigenetics