FIGURES
Modern Linguistics began with this figure after his discover in 1786 that Sanskrit had affinities with Classical, Germanic, and Celtic languages
Sir William Jones
Language as a system at one point in time. Eg. Modern English
Synchrony
Closely tied to social purpose and context.
SLF
American descriptivism. Focused on scientific, behaviorist approach to language.
Bloomfield
Cognitive linguistic. LAD, competence vs performance, Universal Grammar, Mental Grammar
Noam Chomsky
A type of reference that points back to previously mentioned elements.
Eg. "Sarah arrived late. She was tired"
Anaphora
Overall sense of unity in context.
Coherence
Created Systemic Functional Linguistics SFL
MAK Halliday
Rejected the idea that all speech is about information.
Introduced phatic communion: language used to build social contact
Very important for pragmatics and sociolinguistics.
Bronislaw Malinowski
Types include
Person: You, I, He, She
Spatial: Here, there
Temporal: now, then
Discourse: Referring to parts of the discourse ("as mentioned earlier")
Social: titles and honorifics (Sir, madam)
Deixis
Variation in language use, based on field (what), tenor (who), and mode (how)
Register
coined "context of situation": meaning depends on social and situational factors.
Famous quote: "you shall know a word by a company it keeps"--- collocation analysis
Founded the London School of Linguistics
A. Firth
Developed ethnography of communication- language is shaped by social and cultural context.
SPEAKING MODEL
Linguistic ties inside the text (Grammar + vocabulary)
Cohesion
Communication uses more than one mode (Type of meaning system)
Multimodality
Generative Grammar was actually introduced by this figure and NOT Chomsky. Simply DEVELOPED by Chomsky
Zellig Harris
Showed social class affects pronunciation.
Studied AAVE as ruled-based, legitimate variety.
Proved that variation is systematic, not random--- and socially meaningful
William Labov
Three strata language of SLF
Laryngeal Theory
Said language is a structured system of signs governed by internal rules.
Saussurre