Lipids - general
What is: linoleic acid (omega 6)
alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)
Where pancreatic lipase begins to work
What is the duodenum?
The regulatory peptides in the pancreatic phase of digestion that activate the release of brush-border enzymes such as enteropeptidase.
What are cholecystokinin and secretin?
Legumes are limited in sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. The food group that is considered complementary because it supplies these amino acids.
what are grains?
The two compounds that connect the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein
What are pyruvate and acetyl coA?
The fatty acid chains found in foods and body tissues ranges from ____________ carbon atoms in length
What is from 4 to 24
The process by which bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine and return to the liver is called _________________
What is enterohepatic circulation?
The organ that serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism.
What is the liver?
The amino acid used for energy by intestinal cells is ____________.
What is glutamine?
One of the regulated enzymes when glycolysis occurs is ______________.
What is phosphofructokinase?
Triaglycerols with saturated fatty acids of longer chain length tend to be _____________ at room temperature.
What is solid?
in response to excess dietary carbohydrate and chylomicron remnants, the liver synthesizes these substances to transport triaglycerol.
What are VLDLs?
This is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal.
Oxidation
If you want to measure a patient's response to nutrition therapy, the plasma protein that might be appropriate is __________.
What is pre-albumin?
A protein-sparing shift in metabolism from gluconeogenesis to lipolysis occurs during the _____________.
What is the starvation state?
an individual whose diet includes food fried in vegetable oil, flaxseed oil supplements, and very little fish will have an abundance of which category of fatty acids?
what is n-6 or omega 6 fatty acids
The lipoproteins that are normally NOT present in blood in the fasting state.
What are chylomicrons?
The amino acid, when oxidized, spares the essential gluconeogenic precursors pyruvate and lactate.
What is leucine?
When the cellular energy favors anabolic reactions, pyruvate is converted to ___________.
What is glucose?
An individual who has not eaten in 5 days will most likely have an elevated level of this hormone.
What is glucagon?
In what form is most body fat stored?
What are Triaglycerols (AKA triglycerides)
when fatty acids are completely oxidized, the end products are ______________.
What are carbon dioxide, energy, and water?
The amino acids that are mostly metabolized in the muscle have side chains that are ______________.
What is branched?
Name an amino acid that is exclusively ketogenic.
What is: Leucine or Lysine?
(the amino acids phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are both ketogenic and glucogenic)
The remaining 13 amino acids are exclusively glucogenic
In humans, fatty acids cannot be used to synthesize glucose because we lack the enzymes needed to convert _________________.
What is acetyl-coA to pyruvate?