Key Article Definitions
Key Article Concepts
100

What are the three areas that make up the triple helix model of innovation (TH)?

What is Government, Academia, and Industry?

100

What are the four areas recognized in the quadruple helix model?

What is: Government, Academia, Industry, and Civil Society?

200
This is a city which effectively mobilizes its resources in every sector to promote inclusive learning from basic to higher education; revitalize learning in families and communities; facilitate learning for and in the workplace; extend the use of modern learning technologies; enhance quality and excellence in learning; and foster a culture of learning throughout life. 

What is a learning city?

200

This concept has been in use since the 1990s. It is described as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance existing urban infrastructures.

What is smart urbanism (SU)?

300

This is a city which implements smart urbanism.

What is the smart city?

300

This concept was popularized by Etienne Wenger. It refers to a group of people who share a concern about specific topics and meet regularly to collaborate, and to construct and improve knowledge.

What is Community of Practice (CoP?

400

This bottom-up approach promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, mixed-use, interconnected communities and open spaces to improve the quality of life of citizens.

What is New Urbanism?

400
The concept of the learning city has been promoted mainly from the perspective that ______ and _______ ___________ are key to sustainable urban development (Duke 2010). 

What is education and lifelong learning?

500

This additional helix highlights the importance of a social dimension in the innovation-generating process. It is the driving force with the capacity to move innovation from a narrow technological focus towards becoming a tool for addressing urban challenges in a sustainable manner. 

What is civil society?

500

This model combines top-down and bottom-up approaches to innovation by recognizing that civil society plays an active part in the innovation system.

What is the quadruple helix (QH) model?

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