Follicular Phase
Luteal Phase
Ovulation
Reproductive Anatomy
Basics
Folliculogenesis /oogenesis
Hormones
100
Define the follicular phase
First day of menses until ovulation
100
The corpus luteum primarily secretes which hormone?
Progesterone (to a lesser extent estrogen)
100
The final maturation of the preovulatory oocyte is induced by a surge of:
a. Activin
b. FSH
c. GnRH
d. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the D - LH
LH stimulates the resumption of meiosis 1 at mid-cycle
BONUS: What phase do they arrest in after ovulation?
100
Describe the changes in cervical mucous during the menstrual cycle
Immediately after menstruation: scant and thin
Follicular phase: clear, copious, and elastic, increased quantity - "ferning" appearance
Luteal phase: thick, viscous, opaque, decreased quantity
Example of ferning above
BONUS: What is the name of the cervical mucous at midcycle?
100
The two phases of the menstrual cycle are
What are the follicular (proliferative) and luteal (secretory) phases
100
In a spontaneous menstrual cycle, the follicle that is most sensitive to FSH becomes the:
a. Preantral follicle
b. Primary follicle
c. Antral follicle
d. Dominant follicle
What is D - dominant follicle
100
The primary hormone produced by the hypothalamus is:
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
c. Inhibin
d. Prolactin
What is B - GnRH
BONUS: Lupron is an example of a:
a. GnRH agonist
b. GnRH antagonist
Secreted from which portion of the hypothalamus?
200
FSH receptors exist on the cell membranes of which type of cell in the ovary?
What are granulosa cell membranes
200
What is the typical length of the luteal phase?
What is 14 days.
200
The LH surge proceeds ovulation by approximately how many hours?
What is 34-36 hours
200
Correctly identify which phases of the menstrual cycle these sonographic images correspond to. 
BONUS: What are the two layers of endometrium? Which one is responsive to hormones?
200
What is the length of a normal menstrual cycle?
25-35 days
200
During fetal development, oocytes become enveloped with granulosa cells and enter meiosis but arrest early in the first phase.
Meiosis resumes at:
a. Birth
b. Puberty
c. Conception
d. Menopause
What is B - puberty (ovulation)
When do they complete the second meiotic division?
200
Which of the following are reproductive impacts of estrogen?
a. Thin endometrium, thin cervical mucus
b. Thick endometrium, thin cervical mucus
c. Thick endometrium, thick cervical mucus
d. Thin endometrium, thick cervical mucus
What is B - thick endometrium, thin cervical mucous
300
Describe the hormonal changes taking place during this phase of the menstrual cycle (i.e. which hormones are increasing and which are decreasing)
Anterior pituitary: FSH is decreasing secondary to negative feedback from E2 and inhibin B from developing follicles. Rise in LH from positive feedback of Estrogen.
Ovary: increasing E2 levels and inhibin B levels
300
LH acts on receptors on this type of cell to produce this steroid hormone?
Thecal cell; androstenedione
300
Ovulation occurs more commonly from the right or left ovary?
What is the right ovary.
300
If pregnancy does not occur, a drop in this hormone and a rise in this compound cause the lining to shed (menstruation)
What is a drop in progesterone and a rise in prostaglandins
BONUS: this is due to degeneration in this ovarian structure?
300
What is considered a typical amount of blood loss during menses? AND What amount is considered abnormal?
Typical = 30mL
Abnormal = 80mL
300
Which of the following cells will divide mitotically in the ovary?
a. Spermatogonia
b. Secondary oocyte
c. Primary oocyte
d. Oogonia
What is D - oogonia
BONUS: At what stage in a females life does this occur?
300
From which portion of the pituitary gland are the gonadotropins FSH and LH released from?
a. anterior pituitary
b. posterior pituitary
What is anterior pituitary
400
What is the name of the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens in the granulosa cell?
What is aromatase.
400
Describe what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis under the influence of estradiol and prostaglandins, and forms a scar tissue called the corpus albicans
400
Fertilization typically occurs in this portion of the fallopian tube?
What is the distal third (ampulla) adjacent to the ovary
BONUS: What is the usual diameter of a fallopian tube?
400
Does your basal body temperature increase or decrease after ovulation?
Increases
400
This phase of the menstrual cycle remains relatively constant in all women, while this phase of the menstrual cycle is more variable
Constant = luteal (14 days)
Variable = follicular (10-16 days)
400
Development from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory follicle takes approximately:
a. 1 menstrual cycle
b. 3 weeks
c. 4 months
d. 3 to 4 years
What is C - 4 months
400
What are the four functional compartments involved in reproduction?
What are hypothalamus, pituitary (anterior), ovary, endometrium
BONUS: Estrogen and progesterone exert negative feedback on which portion of the H-P-O axis?
500
In the ovary, the primordial follicles are arrested in which stage of Meiosis?
What is prophase of Meiosis 1
BONUS: what stage of prophase?
500
In the absence of a pregnancy, steroid hormone levels begin to fall due to declining corpus luteum function. Progesterone withdrawal results in what changes in the endometrium causing menstruation?
Increased coiling and constriction of the spiral arterioles. This eventually results in tissue ischemia due to decreased blood flow to the superficial endometrial layers, the spongiosa and compacta. The endometrium releases prostaglandins that cause contractions of the uterine smooth muscle and sloughing of the degraded endometrial tissue.
500
Describe the chemical process of ovulation in the ovary?
Proteolytic enzymes and prostaglandins are activated and digest collagen in the follicular wall, leading to an explosive release of the oocyte-cumulus complex Prostaglandins may also stimulate ovum release by stimulation of smooth muscle within the ovary. The point of the dominant follicle closest to the ovarian surface where this digestion occurs is called the stigma.
500
Describe the endometrial glands in the two phases of the menstrual cycle
Proliferative: narrow, tubular, and some mitosis and pseudostratification is present.
Secretory: tortuous and dilated, more vacuoles, more stromal edema 
500
Describe the image in the handout provided
500
The developing ovarian follicles/oocytes are found in which portion of the ovary?
What is the outer cortex
500
What is the half life of FSH and LH secretion?
What is 3-4 hours for FSH and 20 mins for LH
BONUS: Which has a long half life Lupron or hCG? How do these stimulate ovulation?