Definitions
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
(Not just DIGESTION/ABSORPTION)
What is a calorie?
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1 degree C
What is an enzyme and what does it do?
-Protein that speeds up reactions.
-Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed for each chemical reaction
List in order; the three steps of carbohydrate metabolism
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
When does the ABSORPTIVE STATE happen, and HOW LONG does it last for?
-After eating
-about 4 hours during and after meal
ATP
Form of useable energy for body, made in cells during cellular respiration.
Does HIGH calorie foods give off MORE or LESS heat?
More
What is a coenzyme and what does it do?
-Enzyme "Helpers"
-Aid enzymes in completing their task.
36 ATP
When is the body in POSTABSORPTIVE state?
Between meals, and overnight
Cellular Respiration
Chemical process of cells turning glucose into useable energy in the form of ATP
Why are LIPIDS typically the HIGHEST in calories?
They give off the most amount of kcal (~9.4)
What causes an enzyme to "Denature"?
Extreme Heat and extreme pH levels.
What are the end products released from glycolysis, and the amount of each one?
2 pyruvic acid molecules
2 NAD+ molecules
What happens in the ABSORPTIVE state, and is the rate of Anabolism more or less than the rate of catabolism?
-Significant nutrient absorption
-More (More nutrients available = more opportunity for building)
Anabolism
Chemical reaction: SYNTHESIS of new molecules
(formation of proteins inside cells)
In short, how does bomb calorimetry work?
Food inside an airtight container is filled with O2 and surrounded by water. The food is ignited, and the water absorbs the heat given off. The temp. is then measured.
(Per one L of water heated 1 degree C, there is one calorie in the food.)
What are the specific molecules that enzymes attach to, called?
Substrates
Is the Kreb's cycle anaerobic or aerobic, and what does it do with the acetyl-CoA?
-Aerobic (requires O2)
-Makes NADH, and FADH2 energy carriers
What happens in the POSTABSORPTIVE state, and is the rate of anabolism more or less than the rate of catabolism?
-Body is using stored energy for fuel
-less (Body has to break down food for energy)
Catabolism
Chemical reaction: BREAKDOWN of molecules (digestion of food)
What does bomb calorimetry really measure?
The "heat of combustion"
Name the enzyme that breaks down STARCH in your mouth
Amylase
Is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) aerobic or anaerobic, and how does the buildup of H+ ions create ATP?
-Aerobic (Requires O2)
-Energy from the H+ ions, adds P to ADP, creating ATP.
What are the two Metabolic rates, and what do they mean?
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Metabolic rate needed for the body to supply energy for essential activities.
2. Total Metabolic Rate: Fuels ALL body activities
(BMR + rate for digestion + fuel needed for activity)