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100
What chromosome is the Alpha chain and the Zeta chain gene located on?
16
100
How does sodium citrate prevent coagulation?
Removes calcium which prevents coagulation cascade.
100
What is the primary function of a Cytotoxic T cell?
Main role is to destroy virally infected cells.
100
What is the definition of Anemia?
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body/blood.
100
Where are red blood cell inclusions normally removed?
Spleen
100
Name 2 causes of Megaloblastic anemia
Vit B12, or Folate
100
What is 2,3 DPG and what is its function in regards to oxygen/hemoglobin?
2,3 DPG increases oxygen off-loading capabilities from its tense and relaxed state.
200
What is the name of the inherited form of Aplastic Anemia?
Fanconi's anemia
200
What color tube is a sodium citrate?
Light Blue
200
RBC's utilize (aerobic/anaerobic) metabolism as a primary source of energy.
Anaerobic
200
Red blood cells use this to produce energy.
Glucose
200
Which WBC arrives first at the site of inflammation
Neutrophils
200
What is lymph fluid?
Mostly clear fluid derived from blood comprised of WBC and bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
200
Is a MCHC of 34% considered abnormal?
No, the normal range of MCHC is 32-36%
300
What are the two Primary Lymphatic Tissues?
Thymus & Bone Marrow
300
The spleen is divided into two parts, what are they?
Red pulp
White pulp
300
Hgb C is caused by what substitution?
Leucine in the 6th position instead of glutamic acid
300
What 3 things will EPO do to RBC production?
-Increase RBC production
-Decrease RBC maturation time
-Promotes the early release of RBC from marrow
300
What is the formula for corrected reticulocyte count?
CRC =
Patient Retic % * Patient HCT / 45 (average Hct)
300
What is the storage form of iron?
Ferritin
300
What are the inclusion in a reticulocyte composed of?
RNA remnants
400
CD4 markers are found on which type of T cell?
Helper T-Cells
400
What is normal adult hemoglobin (Hgb A) composed of?
α2 β2
400
What is the last stage a RBC can undergo mitosis?
Polychromatic Normoblast
400
What is the normal M:E ratio for adults?
2:1
400
Which of the following would be most likely in a patient presenting with anemia and a reticulocyte count >2%
-Vit B12 deficiency
-Folate deficiency
-Acute blood loss
-Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Acute blood loss
400
Which chromosome is the beta chain gene of hemoglobin located on?
11
400
What color tube is EDTA?
Lavender
500
True or False
The O2 & CO2 exchange of RBCs requires energy input via ATP.
False
500
A sneaky nurse notices a clot in her lavender tube she drew. Instead of redrawing the tube like a good nurse, she just removes the clot and trashes it.
What CBC result in the lab will be most affected?
Platelet count will be decreased.
500
Following splenectomy, what 3 things will be increased in circulation?
Platelets
WBCs
Abnormal RBC
500
What is the normal % of Reticulocytes in a patient with Bone Marrow that IS COMPENSATING for anemia correctly.
> 2%
500
What protein carries Iron? (transport)
Transferrin
500
Define schistocytes
RBC fragments
500
What CBC parameter can be analyzed using a sodium citrate tube?
Platelet count to combat platelet satellitism from an EDTA tube
600
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays an important role in maintaining iron in the ferrous state by producing reduced _____ , which detoxifies H2O2
Glutathione
600
What stains are used below? What type of cells are shown in both pictures?
Top: Wright Stain
Bottom: New Methylene Blue stain
Both show reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes.
600
What is the primary pathway utilized by RBCs to produce 90 to 95% of glucose?
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
600
Define HCT
Hematocrit: Packed cell volume: Typically 45%
600
What cells are spiculated with numerous, short, evenly spaced blunt surface projections.
Echinocytes (Burr Cells)
600
Crescent shaped RBCs that have pointy projections are typically seen in what disease?
Sickle Cell anemia
600
What is the main function of a neutrophil?
Phagocytosis typically of bacteria
700
What is Aplastic anemia?
Aplastic anemia = bone marrow hypocellularity resulting in peripheral blood hypocellularity
700
What hormone is high in cases of Anemia of Chronic disease which prevents iron uptake in the gut and iron release by macrophages?
Hepcidin
700
What stain can be used to visualize iron in bone marrow
Prussian Blue
700
What three indices are used to classify anemia types?
MCV
MCH
MCHC
700
Define Polychromasia
Immature red cells that are slightly larger and blue tinged compared to other red cells
700
Characteristic color of Carboxyhemoglobin
Bright Cherry Red
700
What type of cell is characteristic of Infectious Mononucleosis?
Atypical or Reactive Lymphs
800
What stain are reticulocytes visible with?
New Methylene Blue
800
Carboxyhemoglobin results in a (left/right) shift on the oxygen dissociation curve.
Left (binds Hgb 200X more strongly)
800
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is associated with what?
Giant granules in all granulated cells. Patient also has albinism and photophobia
800
Define Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Creating new cells outside of the bone marrow
800
What is the name for the cells indicated by the arrow? 
Dacrocytes / Teardrop cells
800
Describe a Right Shift on the Oxygen Dissociation curve.
A right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve results in hemoglobin having a decreased O2 affinity, resulting in increased diffusion of O2.
800
Define a shift to the left in regards to a WBC differential
Bone marrow is responding to the increased WBC count by sending out younger cells- seen as banded neutrophils in the peripheral smear
900
In what organ would I find 1/3 of the bodies platelets?
Spleen
900
What inclusion is the arrow pointing to?
Auer Rod
900
PK (pyruvate kinase) deficiency spot test is opposite of the G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency spot test. If the patient has a PK deficiency the spot test will (Fluoresce/ Not fluoresce)
Fluoresce.
900
What organs can perform Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Liver and spleen
900
The Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway serves what function?
Maintains iron in the Ferrous (2+) form via NADH produced from glycolysis
900
Where is EPO produced and what does it do?
Hormone produced by the kidneys and steps up RBC production
900
Define eosinophilia and what condition relates to it?
Increased amount of eosinophils and usually seen with allergies or certain parasitic infections
1000
Identify this cell. What disease is it associated with?
Foam cell (macrophage)
Niemann-Pick disease
1000
What cell is indicated by the arrows and what disease are they seen with?
Bars of gold and Hgb C
1000
Describe the shape of a normal RBC and what is the central zone called?
Biconcave disk with a central zone of pallor (whitening)
1000
How long do RBC normally circulate? [what are their lifespans]
120 Days
1000
Define hemolysis
Red cell breakdown
1000
What are the causes of microcytic RBC? (5 TAILS)
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic Anemia
Lead Tox
Anemia of Chronic Disease
1000
What is the typical range for monocytes?
5-10%