GENE STRUCTURE
DNA & RNA are polymers of nucleotides
What is A, T, C, G, and U?
DNA model
What is semi-conservative model?
(2 DNA strands separate; each strand serves as a pattern to make a new complementary strand; each copy has one old & one new strand)
Types of RNA and functions
What is mRNA (instructions to build protein), tRNA (has amino acids for proteins), and rRNA (forms the ribosome)?
Silent mutation
What is no effect?
Living status of viruses
What is not alive
1) Griffin found ____
2) Avery, Mcarty, MacLeod found ___
1) Transformation (some chemical component caused a heritable change)
2) Only DNA causes transformation
Step 1: ___
Step 2: ___
DOUBLE POINTS: Eukaryote = __ & Prokaryote = __
1) Initiation (origins or "bubbles"; replication "forks)
2) Elongation (DNA is antiparallel; leading, goes to fork, vs lagging, goes from fork)
3) Multi bubbles & One bubble
1) Transcription: __
2) DNA __ in the nucleus
1) Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
2) Stays
Missense has __
Different amino acid
1) Viruses: __
2) Consists of:
1) An infectious particle
2) Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), Capsid (Protein coat), Membrane envelope (in some cases)
1) Pyrimidine (____) = _ and _
2) Purines (____) = _ and _
1) Single ring, T and C
2) Double Ring, A and G
Double helix features (there are 4 listed)
*EXTRA POINTS IF YOU EXPLAIN MORE OR ADD MORE!
- Two sugar phosphate backbones
- Complementary base pairing rules (Genetic information is stored in the order of the nucleotide bases)
- Hydrogen bonds (bases) & Covalent bonds (backbone)
- Antiparallel backbones (5' and 3' ends of a nucleotide)
1) Translation: __
2) RNA can __ the nucleus
1) Synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA
2) Leave
Improved: __
Enhances the success of the mutant
1) Lytic Cycle: __
2) Happens fast or slow?
1) Viral particles are produced using host cell components but directed by viral DNA; host cell lysis, and viruses are released
2) Fast
1) Hershey & Chase found
2) Chargaff found that
1) Viruses use DNA to infect other cells, not protein
2) A = T and G - C
1) Enzymes & their functions involved in DNA replication
*DOUBLE POINTS IF YOU CAN NAME THE PIECES (AKA FRAGMENTS)
1) Helicase (separates double strands), DNA Polymerase (builds the strand), Ligase (joins lagging strand pieces)
mRNA Editing components
Introns (removed pieces of RNA) & Exons (remaining RNA code)
Nonsense: __
Changes to stop codon
Lysogenic Cycle: __
Viral DNA (prophage) inserted into host, then is duplicated; Most prophage genes are inactive & environmental signals cause switch to lytic cycle
1) Franklin used
2) Watson & Crick found
1) X-rays to determine DNA structure
2) The DNA model (Double Helix)
1) Step 3: ___
2) Telomeres: ___
1) Termination (prevents unraveling of DNA, shortens with replication, associated with aging)
2) Ends of chromosomes
1) Code is based on
2) Codons: __
*EXTRA POINTS IF YOU CAN DECODE TAG-CTG-AGC & NAME THE AMINO ACID
1) triplets
2) Series of nonoverlapping three-base "words"; three nucleotides = one amino acid
3) AUC-GAC-UCG = Ile-Asp-Ser
Frameshift: __
Alters reading frame (deletes/inserts)
Bacteria's three methods to move genes: __
1) Transformation (uptake of DNA from the environment)
2) Transduction (gene transfer by phages (viruses))
3) Conjugation: transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell through a mating bridge.