Where things are
This muscle is the main hip extensor
What is the gluteus maximus
Movement toward the midline is called this
What is adduction?
This cell type is responsible for bone resorption
What are osteoclasts?
This nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh
What is the femoral nerve?
This ligament would be injured if a force pushes the knee outward
What is the LCL?
This structure increases efficiency of quadriceps force
What is the patella
This process allows bones to grow in length at the epiphyseal plate
What is endochondral ossification?
This type of connective tissue has parallel collagen fibres (e.g., tendons)
What is dense regular connective tissue?
This artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg
What is the anterior tibial artery?
Loss of plantarflexion suggests damage to this compartment of the leg
What is the posterior compartment?
This compartment includes fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis
What is the lateral compartment
The stance phase of gait begins with this event
What is heel strike?
This germ layer gives rise to connective tissue
What is mesoderm?
This nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg
What is the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve?
A patient cannot flex the knee or extend the hip. This nerve is most likely injured
What is the sciatic nerve?
This opening in the fascia lata allows passage of the great saphenous vein
What is the saphenous opening?
What are three stabilising features of the knee joint?
ligaments (ACL, PCL, collateral ligaments), menisci, and surrounding muscles (e.g. quadriceps/hamstrings)?
This type of collagen is the primary structural component of hyaline cartilage
What is type II collagen?
What structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?
Tibialis posterior tendon, Flexor digitorum longus tendon, Posterior tibial artery, Posterior tibial vein, Tibial nerve, Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Injury to the deep fibular nerve results in this clinical condition
What is foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion)?
The intermuscular septa of the thigh attach to this bony landmark on the femur, creating the three compartments of the thigh
What is the linea aspera?
Describe the components of the extracellular matrix and explain the function of each component.
1. Fibres
2. Ground substance
3. Cells (less abundant but important)
Explain how the RANK–RANKL–OPG system regulates bone remodelling and how disruption of this pathway leads to osteoporosis
osteoblasts produce RANKL which binds RANK on osteoclast precursors → promotes osteoclast formation and bone resorption; osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a decoy receptor to inhibit this; increased RANKL or decreased OPG shifts balance toward osteoclast activity → increased bone resorption → osteoporosis
Trace the arterial blood supply from the heart to the posterior thigh
Left ventricle → ascending aorta → aortic arch → descending thoracic aorta → abdominal aorta → common iliac artery → external iliac artery → femoral artery → profunda femoris
What forms the boundary of the femoral triangle and what structures pass through it?
Back:
Boundaries (ISL):
Superior: Inguinal ligament
Lateral: Sartorius
Medial: Adductor longus
Contents (lateral → medial = NAVeL):
Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
empty space (femoral canal)
Lymphatics (deep inguinal nodes)