All about Calcium
Two hormones are responsible for calcium homeostasis.
What are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?
The most common metabolic bone disease.
What is Osteoporosis?
Most common treatment for osteoporosis.
What are Bisphosphonates? Prototype drug alendronate (Fosamax).
Adverse effects of alendronate are diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, and rash.
A form of acute arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid (urate) crystals in the joints and other body tissues
What is gout?
Diagnostic test for osteoporosis.
What is the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scan (DEXA)?
T score < -2.5 = Osteoporosis
T score -1.0 to -2.5 = OsteopeniaCells responsible for bone resorption.
What are Osteoclasts?
Risk factors for osteoporosis.
What are:
•Onset of menopause
•High alcohol consumption
•Anorexia nervosa
•Tobacco use
•Physical inactivity
Selective estrogen receptor modulator. It decreases bone resorption and increases bone mass and density by acting through the estrogen receptor.
What is Raloxifene (Evista)? The most common adverse effects of raloxifene therapy are hot flashes, leg cramps, and weight gain.
Foods that are high in purines.
What are red meats, shellfish, alcohol, sugary beverages, and processed foods.
A chronic condition characterized by accelerated remodeling of the skeleton, producing enlarged and softened bones.
What is Paget's disease or osteitis deformans?
Cells responsible for new bone formation.
What are Osteoblasts?
Pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis.
What are
•Calcium and vitamin D therapy
•Bisphosphonates
•Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
•Calcitonin
Pharmacotherapy for Osteoarthritis.
What are
–Acetaminophen
–NSAIDs (including aspirin)
–Topical medications (capsaicin cream, prescription diclofenac [Pennsaid])?
Joint disorder that is characterized by symmetric disfigurement and inflammation of multiple joints.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
A deposit of monosodium urate crystals - causes severe pain.
What is a tophus? Typically found in the big toe.
Drugs used to increase calcium levels in the blood.
What are Calcium salts?
Caused by a deficiency of vitamin D and calcium in the diet.
What is Osteomalacia?
Increases bone mass and density by acting through estrogen receptors.
What are Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)?
Primary use: prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
A progressive degenerative, age-onset disease that is characterized by the wearing away of cartilage at articular joint surfaces.
What is Osteoarthritis?
Administered by the subcutaneous route, usually every other week.
What is Adalimumab (Humira)? The most common adverse effects are injection site pain, upper respiratory infection, increased creatine phosphate, headache, and rash.
Black Box Warning: Patients are at increased risk for the development of serious infections and malignancies. Latent infections such as tuberculosis and hepatitis B virus may become reactivated
The active form of vitamin D. Used to treat osteomalacia.
What is Calcitriol?
Osteomalacia in children.
What is rickets?
Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis.
What are Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)?
Prototype drug: hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil)
Mechanism of action: relieves severe inflammation of arthritis and lupus
–Mechanism of action not known
Pharmacotherapy for Gout.
What are allopurinol and colchicine?
Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of uric acid
Allopurinol - use All the time for gout prevention
Colchicine - use for aCute attacks for symptom relief
Therapeutic Class: DMARD, drug for psoriasis, drug for inflammatory bowel disease
Pharmacologic Class: TNF antagonist
What is Adalimumab (Humira)? Adalimumab was the first human monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA to treat RA. Indications for the drug have expanded to include psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn disease, hidradenaitis suppurativa, ulcerative colitis, chronic plaque psoriasis, and uveitis.