Malnutrition
Biomarker that should not be used in the diagnosis of malnutrition
What is albumin
Genetic variant that puts one at risk for CVD and Alzheimer's Disease
Apo E4
GFR value that indicates kidney FAILURE
What is GFR <15
Individuals with this condition often need to avoid vegetable and fruit skins/peels and whole nuts and seeds.
What is IBD
Ethnic/racial groups at highest risk for osteoporosis
What is Caucasian and Asian (Caucasian being the highest)
Two recommendations for prevention/treatment of sarcopenia
Adequate energy intake
Strength based exercise
Adequate protein intake
2 risk factors for dementia
•Age (65+)
•Female
•Genetics (5% of case related to early onset)
•ApoE4
•Cardiovascular disease
•Diabetes
•Oxidative stress/damage
•Head injury
•Depression
Micronutrient that must be supplemented in someone with chronic kidney disease.
Vitamin D (in form of calcitrol)
or Iron (EPO)
The intake of this vitamin or mineral is often restricted in those with liver disease.
What is sodium
Describe the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts = build: deposit minerals into bone
Osteoclasts= crush: dissolve mineral composition of bone and deposit into blood
Three consequences of malnutrition
•Loss of lean muscle mass
•Immune suppression
•Nocosomial infections
•Suboptimal wound healing
•Respiratory muscle weakness
•Longer hospital length of stay & increased hospital costs
•Poor surgical outcomes- mortality and morbidity
Common nutrition concerns of someone with a neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimers, dementia or Parkinson's disease)
-Lack of appetite or forgetting to eat
-Dysphagia
-Self feeding difficulty
-Malnutrition
3 risk factors for CKD
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension
Ethnicity (African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans)
Genetics
Vitamin that often requires supplementation in those with alcoholic liver disease
What is thiamin
3 Vitamins that act as an antioxidant besides Vitamin C
What is: Vitamin A, Vitamin E, selenium, zinc
4 of the 6 criteria for diagnosing malnutrition
Intake, Involuntary Weight Loss, Muscle Wasting, Fat Wasting, Edema, Handgrip Strength
5 Components of the MIND Diet (there are 10)
•Green leafy vegetables
•Other vegetables
•Nuts
•Berries
•Beans
•Whole grains
•Fish
•Poultry
•Olive oil
•Wine?
Four nutrients that may need to be restricted in someone with CKD
Sodium
Fluid
Potassium
Phosphorus
Protein (0.6-0.8 g/kg pre dialysis)
Two risk factors for MASLD
•Alcoholism
•Type 2 diabetes mellitus
•Metabolic syndrome
•Obesity
•Polycystic ovary syndrome
•Obstructive sleep apnea
•Dyslipidemia
•Parenteral nutrition
•Steroid use
Those with lung disease may chronically take a medication known to cause osteoporosis. What is the medication, and HOW does this cause osteoporosis?
Inhaled corticosteroids
ICS cause a decrease in intestinal absorption and increase in urinary excretion of calcium
•↑PTH, causing bone resorption (breakdown)
Example of a condition/disease that would fall under each of these:
-starvation related malnutrition
-chronic disease malnutrition
-acute disease/injury malnutrition
Starvation: anorexia, food insecurity
Chronic disease: organ failure, cancer, malabsorption
Acute disease/injury: pancreatitis, appendicitis, trauma/burn
Difference between ischemic and hemmorhagic strokes, and what 2 conditions put one at risk for an ischemic or hemmorhagic stroke?
Ischemic: lack of blood flow (often caused by atherosclerosis)
Hemmorhagic: rupture of blood vessel (often caused by hypertension)
Three nutrition interventions to prevent kidney stones
-May need to limit high oxalate foods (if root cause of kidney stones)
-Adequate fluid intake
-Adequate calcium intake (avoid calcium supplements)
-Avoid Vitamin C supplements
3 nutrition/lifestyle recommendations to reduce risk of IBD
•Nutrient dense dietary pattern
•Limit processed foods
•Adequate sleep
•Avoid smoking
•Reduce stress
•Limit antibiotic exposure
•Breastfeeding (for children)
Describe what purines are, what are 2 foods that are high in purines, and the health condition that can result from high consumption of purines.
Purine: compound in food that metabolizes into uric acid. Elevated uric acid = gout.
Food high in purines are: anchovies, sardines, meat, game meats, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms, asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, oatmeal