JOY
Moral Dilemma
•Making an option to one moral value over the other;
•A situation where moral values are equally significant;
•A scenario where a person has a strong moral reason in action, but not equally strong moral reason in acting in another way;
•A state where a person should morally do one, two, or more and have difficulty in deciding any of those conflicting choices.
Utang na Loob
•‘Utang na loob’ or dept or gratitude is very important to Filipinos. It is recognizing and returning the favor to that person in the same measure who help them in times of need.
•However ‘utang na loob’ may not be good if the person is forced to do somethings even against his/ her will or against the law just to pay the debt of gratitude. The person will do this to avoid being reproved or having confrontations, clashes and conflicts with the person whom they have ‘utang na loob.’
Hiya
Hiya’ may be observed to Filipinos in accepting the food that are offered to them. Even though they are hungry, they will feel sense of shame accepting the food given to them or they will say that they are not yet hungry.
They also feel ‘hiya’ in approaching higher authorities like school principal, teachers/ professors, deans, and executives. They will look someone whom they think have the courage to approach higher authorities.
Meta-Ethics
is a discipline that relies on meaning. It is a science that is seeking to address non-moral questions about morality.
Ethics
•“ethos” = tradition, habit, character, or attitude.
•Ethics or moral philosophy can be provisionally described as the empirical study of moral decisions.
•It is a systematic analysis of the nature of human actions. It is concerned about the correctness and wrongness of the act. An act is deemed to be right or wrong, based on the intent, circumstances, or character of the act itself
Moral Standard
Moral standards normally promote the common good, that is, the welfare and well-being of human beings, animals, and the environment. Moral standards are a blending of norms and values.
Moral Philosophy
deals with moral ideas such as what human beings "must do or how human beings should be." This also deals with our moral obligation, the meaning of the act, or the purpose of the act.
Applied Ethics
is a philosophy that discusses strong and basic moral issues linked to abortion.
Amor Propio
•‘amor propio’ has been characterized as the high degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to criticism and causes him to have an easily wounded pride
•‘amor propio’ comes from the person’s tendency to protect is or her dignity and honor. Because of pride or amor proprio, for instance, a person may refuse offers even if he/she wants to accept them.
Kahihiyan
maybe observed in the Filipino families. They try to avoid doing things that may dishonor their family’s name and reputation. If problems arise in the family, as much as they could, they will hide it within the family because for them, the stink of a member will be the stink of the whole family
sense or togetherness. It refers to doing somebody a good deed.
It is not only practiced in neighborhood but also at work and school. Helping other people even in small little way may show ‘pakikisama.’
Is having and maintaining ‘good public relations.’ Just like other Filipino values, ‘pakikisama’ can work either positively or destructively.
Goodwill and Duty
•good will is more of a conception rather than obligation.
•A will that acts out of duty can be defined as a will that overcomes the obstacles to the protection of moral law. It is not to say that actions carried out purely in compliance with duty are pointless (they still merit praise and encouragement), but that extra regard is accorded to activities carried out on duty.
Six Stages of Moral Development
Pre-Conventional Level
Pre-Conventional Level - morality is externally controlled.
Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation
•Behavior is determined by consequences. The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation
•Behavior is determined again by consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.
Six Stages of Moral Development
Post-Conventional Level
Six Stages of Moral Development
Post-Conventional Level - . Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.
•Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Individual rights determine behavior. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes. That is, given the right situation, there are exceptions to rules.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed that some individuals will never reach this level. At this stage, the appropriate action is determined by one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience.
•These principles are abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning involves taking the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected by the decision.
Structural Moral Dilemma:
a. Differentiation vs Integration
b. Gap vs Overlap
c. Lack of Clarity vs Lack of Creativity
d. Excessive Autonomy vs Excessive Interdependence
Structural Moral Dilemma:
a. Differentiation vs Integration - The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a classic dilemma.
b. Gap vs Overlap - When the main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through gaps.
c. Lack of Clarity vs Lack of Creativity - When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problems.
d. Excessive Autonomy vs Excessive Interdependence - When individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated.
Normative Ethics
examine whether a particular act should or should not be carried out.
two types: Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics
Cultural Relativism
•Cultural relativism means that we do not judge a society by our own criteria of what is right or wrong, odd or natural. Rather, we will make an effort to understand the cultural traditions of other communities in their own cultural context
•Cultural relativism is the desire to consider a culture on its own terms and not to make conclusions based on the norms of one's own community.
•The concept of cultural relativism also means that any opinion on ethics is subject to the perspective of each person within their particular culture.
•Cultural relativism (CR) is a moral theory that contends that there are no objective universal moral rules, and the moral rules that do exist are culturally bound.
Perfect and Imperfect Duty
Perfect duty, it is a must to do what is good while imperfect duty you do good, but it is not an obligation to do so.
Character Development through Virtue Ethics
Aristotelian Virtue
Moderation
Doctrine of the Mean
Six Stages of Moral Development
Conventional Level
Six Stages of Moral Development
Conventional Level - emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social systems.
•Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation
Behavior is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”
•Stage 4: Law and order orientation
Social rules and laws determine behavior. The individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order that is worth preserving
Schwart's Concept of Universal Values
1.Power
•authority; leadership; dominance, social power, wealth
2.Achievement
•success; capability; ambition; influence; intelligence; self-respect.
3.Hedonism
•pleasure; enjoying life
4.Stimulation
•daring activities; varied life; exciting life
5.Self-direction
•creativity; freedom; independence; curiosity; choosing your own goals
6.Universalism
•broadmindedness; wisdom; social justice; equality; a world at peace; a world of beauty; unity with nature; protecting the environment; inner harmony
7.Benevolence
•helpfulness; honesty; forgiveness; loyalty; responsibility; friendship
8.Tradition
•accepting one's portion in life; humility; devoutness; respect for tradition; moderation
9.Conformity
•self-discipline; obedience
10.Security
•cleanliness; family security; national security; stability of social order; reciprocation of favors; health; sense of belonging
Kant's Philosophy on Morality
Kant based his ethical philosophy on the idea that REASON should be used to decide how people will BEHAVE.
Universalizability
•The theory of universalizability centered on the action to be acceptable or permissible, this theory must be applied to all citizens without any contradictions.
•Meaning, when someone commits a crime he or she will be punished regardless of social and economic standing.
•The law must be applicable to all.
Categorical and Hypothetical Imperative
Categorical- Absolute Command
Hypothetical - Conditional Command
Humanity as an End to Itself
•“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means.”
•Kant argued that rational beings should never be viewed simply as a means to ends; they must also be viewed as ends themselves, demanding equal regard for their own logical motives.