The Blood Stream
This substance makes up approximately 90% of blood plasma, while the remaining 10% consists of solutes like proteins and electrolytes
What is water?
This is the most common type of anemia worldwide and is often caused by nutritional deficiencies or occult GI bleeds
What is iron deficiency anemia?
This acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes is most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and is transmitted via saliva
What is infectious mononucleosis?
These bone cells are responsible for laying down new bone matrix, while their counterparts, osteoclasts, are responsible for resorbing bone
What are osteoblasts?
This condition occurs when osteoclastic activity outweighs osteoblastic activity, leading to porous, thin bones and an increased risk of fractures
What is osteoporosis?
Unique cells that do not engage in mitotic division and have an average life cycle of 120 days
What are red blood cells?
This type of macrocytic-normochromic anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12
What is pernicious anemia?
This term describes the premature release of immature neutrophils (bands) from the bone marrow during a severe infection or malignancy
What is a "shift to the left"?
The human skeleton is divided into these two main sections: the axial (80 bones) and the appendicular (126 bones)
What are the axial and appendicular skeletons?
Pain, paralysis, paresthesia, pulselessness, and pallor are the "5 Ps" used to identify this surgical emergency caused by increased pressure within a limb
What is compartment syndrome?
This specific hormone, primarily produced by the kidneys, is secreted in response to hypoxia to stimulate the production of new red blood cells
What is erythropoietin?
This condition is a nonmalignant, neoplastic transformation of bone marrow stem cells that leads to an abnormal overproduction of RBCs, increasing blood viscosity and clot risk
What is polycythemia?
The presence of these specific large, multi-nucleated cells is a necessary diagnostic feature for Hodgkin lymphoma
What are Reed-Sternberg cells?
This specific site in long bones is where red bone marrow is primarily concentrated in adults, whereas yellow marrow is found in the diaphysis
What is the epiphysis?
This syndrome involves the release of myoglobin from damaged skeletal muscle into the bloodstream, which can lead to dark urine and acute renal failure
What is rhabdomyolysis?
This process, also known as ameboid movement, allows leukocytes to push through cellular walls to move from the vascular space into interstitial tissues
What is diapedesis?
This alloimmune condition occurs when a Rh-negative mother produces antibodies that attack the red blood cells of her Rh-positive fetus during a second pregnancy
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (or erythroblastosis fetalis)?
This life-threatening, "consumptive" disorder involves widespread systemic coagulation that paradoxically leads to severe, uncontrolled bleeding once all clotting factors are exhausted
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
This is the basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central canal, lamellae, lacunae, and osteocytes
What is the Haversian system?
Often called "brittle bone disease," this genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for type I collagen
What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
These are the two primary structural characteristics of red blood cells that allow them to maximize oxygen diffusion and squeeze through tiny capillaries without damage
What are biconcavity and reversible deformity?
In sickle cell anemia, a genetic mutation causes this specific amino acid to be replaced by valine, leading to hemoglobin that stretches and "sickles" under deoxygenated conditions
What is glutamic acid?
This category of lymphoma is characterized by noncontiguous, chaotic spread
What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
This is the correct sequence of the five stages of bone repair following a significant injury
What are inflammation/hematoma formation, procallus formation, callus formation, callus replacement, and remodeling?
This self-limiting childhood disease involves an interrupted blood supply to the femoral head, resulting in ischemic changes and a characteristic Trendelenburg gait
What is Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?