Feedback and Reinforcement
What is Feedback
Involves providing learners with information about their responses
Can be positive or negative
What are the positive and negative attributes of competition
Positive Outcomes (Enhanced Self-Esteem, Confidence, Having Fun)
Negative Outcomes (Cheating, Preoccupation with Winning, Excessive Aggression)
Name 2 reactions to injuries
Identity Loss
Fear and Anxiety
Lack of Confidence
Performance Decreases
What is the self-efficacy theory
The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully
A situation-specific form of self-confidence
What is motivation
Direction and intensity of ones effort, The desire to do something
What is reinforcement
Affects the tendency to make a specific response again
Can be positive (increasing the response) or negative (decrease the response)
What is the response stage of competition
A response to compete can occur at the behavioral, physiological, psychological level, or ALL 3 Levels
If the decision is not to compete, then the response stops there
What are two consequences of injuries
Perception of distress as weakness leads to underreporting psychological issues, Feelings of loss, frustration, and anger, Increased Anxiety and Depression (more often after injury), Higher perceived stress and decreased life satisfaction, Cycle of reoccurring injuries and psychological distress, Impacts on academics, emotional and social functioning
What is the self fulfilling profhecy
Expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to happen
Give 2 reasons why motivation is important
Effort, Persistence, Draws a person to a goal, Controls Behavior, Describes why a person does something
What are both positive and negative approaches to feedback and reinforcement
Positive Approach (Focus on rewarding appropriate behavior, Increases likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future)
Negative Approach (Focus on punishing undesirable behaviors, Should reduce inappropriate behaviors)
What is the objective competitive situation in competition
A standard for competition for comparison against at least one other person
The comparison standard can be an individual's past performance level, an idealized performance level, or another individual's performance
What are the social factors that can lead to injury
Perception by athletes that playing with pain and injury is seen as highly valued in society today
Pressure brought on by teammates and coaches can cause someone to practice and compete with pain
Name 3 ways we can build confidence in sport
Executing physical skills
Using psychological skills
Employing perpetual skills (I.E. making good decsions)
Being fit and highly trained
Improving and learning skills
Ensure Performance Accomplishments
Act Condifently
What is amotivation
Lack of Motivation, Not knowing why you participate
What are the guidelines used for reinforcement
Choose Effective Reinforcers, Schedule them Effectively, Reward Appropriate Behaviors
What is competition
A variety of situations in which we compete against ourselves, against the clock, against objects and elements
A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people based on how their performances compare with the performances of others doing the same task or participating on the same event
How does the rehab process affect injuries and return to play rate
Personal Attributes
Environmental Characteristics
Adherence Interventions
What are the 3 levels of confidence and how can they effect athletic performance (hint - think of the inverted-u curve)
Optimal Confidence, Lack of Confidence, Over Confidence (Look at the picture)
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivtion
Intrinsic - Motivation within
Extrinsic - Motivation by monetary values
How can feedback be influenced
Describe the 4 stages of competition
Stage 1 – Objective Competition Situation
State 2 – Subjective Competitive Situation
Stage 3 – Response
Stage 4 - Consequences
Attentional Disruption (Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by reducing peripheral attention and causing distraction and task irrelevant thoughts)
Increased Muscle Tension (High stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference as well as generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems)
Describe the inside out model of confidence
Self Confidence - Self Identity - Self Esteem
Builds from the inside out for athletic performance
How do we approach motivation?
Personal and Situational Factors