Weather Information
What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?
Temperature: 15C or 59F
Pressure: 29.92" Hg or 1013.2 mb
Stage 1 Scenario:
Stage 2 Scenario:
End of Course Scenario:
Scenario: 1 passenger @ 120lbs and 5lbs of baggage – VFR flight (KDAB -> KCRG)
1 passenger @ 150lbs and 15lbs of baggage – VFR flight (KDAB -> KSRQ)
1 passenger @ 165lbs and 15lbs of luggage – VFR flight (KRNO -> KBAM)
Consider everything from chart usage, aeronautical data, performance, etc.
• This scenario is meant to find a catch, so be very precise and heads up with your numbers,
your analysis, and your reasonings.
What are the body systems that are used to find our orientation and movement in space?
Vestibular – The inner ear system composed of 3 semicircular hollows but fluid filled canals
arranged in the pitch, roll, and yaw axes. This endolymph fluid inside the canals moves when the
head or body moves and displaces tiny hair cells that stimulate nerve impulses. These signals are
then sent to the brain and interpreted as motion.
Somatosensory – The nerves in our skin cells. This is basically “flying by the seat of your pants”
or the sensations of motion that we feel in our bodies from acceleration or turning. Like when
sitting in an airline and the takeoff roll begins.
Visual – Our Eyes. Light from the sun is constantly being reflected by everything on Earth. This
light enters the eyeball through the cornea, travels through the lens and falls on the photoreceptors
of the retina. The two kinds of photoreceptors are rods and cones. Rods are used for night and
peripheral vision while cones are used to sense color.
When can you log nighttime?
When can you log night currency for landings?
End of evening civil twilight to the beginning of morning civil twilight.
Sun is 6 degrees or more below the horizon.
“Around” 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise.
One hour before sunrise, one hour after sunset.
What is the definition of ADM?
A systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management. The two defining elements of ADM are
hazard and risk.
Looking at the surface analysis chart, what are isobars?
Connected lines of equal pressure.
The black drawn out lines that almost look like a pen are the isobars.
What the right-of-way rules are as applied to the different categories of aircraft?
Emergency - Aircraft in distress have priority
Balloon
Glider
Aircraft refueling Airship
Rotorcraft or airplane
What is hypoxia and what are the different types?
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body. There are four different types to know.
Lung: Hypoxic Hypoxia
Blood: Hypemic
Cell: Histotoxic
Transport: Stagnant
What equipment is required at night?
Fuses / Circuit Breakers
Landing Light (One electric)(if for hire)
Anti-Collision Lights
Position Lights
Source of Electrical Energy for Installed Electrical and Radio Equipment
What are some of the ways we can mitigate risk? IMSAFE PAVE
Illness – Am I sick?
Medication – Am I taking any medication? If so, have I discussed with my AME if it is safe for flight?
Stress – Am I under psychological stress? School/Work? Money? Health? Family/Social life?
Alcohol – Have I been drinking within the previous 8 hours? Am I still experiencing the effect of alcohol?
Fatigue – Have I gotten adequate rest?
Eating – Am I hungry?
Pilot – Am I ready for this trip (IMSAFE)? Are my certificates/ratings current? Am I proficient?
Aircraft – Is the airplane airworthy (AVIATES)? Does it have all of the required documentation
(ARROW)? Is it equipped for the intended operation (ATOMATOFLAMES/FLAPS)? Can it carry the
intended passengers/load (weight and balance/fuel)? Performance characteristics?
enVironment – (NWKRAFT)
External pressures – Are my passengers/employer urging me to get somewhere? Do I have stress
influencing my life?
Discuss the types of fog. Advection, Radiation, Upslope, Precipitation-Induced
Advection: moist warm air moves over colder land or water; requires >15 kts of wind
Like San Fransisco
Radiation: forms on clear nights with little or no wind and only over land
Seen in Florida all the time
Upslope: moist unstable air is cooled as wind pushes it up a slope
In the Rockies it is common
Precipitation Induced / Steam: warm rain falls through cool air. Evaporation from the rain saturates
the cool air and fog forms. Or with ponds / lakes, the warm water evaporates trying to warm the
cool air.
Define Minimum Safe Altitude.
Minimum safe altitude over congested area?
In areas other than congested areas?
A minimum safe altitude is one that allows for an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
1000' above highest obstacle within 2000'
500' above the surface or in sparsely populated areas such as open water: 500' away from any
vessel, person, or structure
What are the in-flight illusions? ICEFLAGS
Inversion – Abrupt change in altitude creates the illusion of tumbling backwards
Coriolis – Rapid head movement causes the illusion of accelerating or turning
Elevator – An updraft causes the pilot to think that aircraft is in a climb. Pilot reacts by forcing the
nose down inducing a dive.
False Horizon – Sloping cloud formations or obscured horizons confuse the pilot into misaligning
with the horizon.
Leans – Abrupt recovery from a roll can mislead pilot into thinking aircraft is in a turn in the
opposite direction.
Autokinesis – At night, stationary lights may appear to be in motion. Pilot may lose control of
aircraft trying to align it with “moving” light.
Graveyard Spiral – In a prolonged constant rate turn, sensation of the turn is not felt. In recovery
to straight and level, the pilot may sense a turn in the opposite direction and pull back on the yoke,
only tightening the spiral.
Somatogravic – Rapid acceleration causes the illusion of the being in a nose up attitude. Rapid
deceleration will have the opposite effect.
What would you consider when going on a night flight?
Bring a RED and WHITE flashlight.
- For preflight you need a white light to see colored fluids.
- For inside the cabin you need red to maintain night vision.
What are the 5 Ps
Pilot – physical fitness, currency, and proficiency
Passengers – Are they fit to fly? Are they comfortable flying?
Plane – Airworthiness and documentation
Programming – Are you proficient using the avionics? Are the GPS databases up to date?
Plan - (NWKRAFT)
How do surface winds flow in relationship to isobars? Why? Winds aloft?
At the surface winds flow at an angle to the isobars because of surface friction.
Aloft, winds from more or less parallel because of the Coriolis force.
• KNOW Coriolis force for the northern hemisphere.
What do you do if you become lost in-flight? 5 Cs
Climb – obtain a better view of your surroundings
Circle – do not become more lost; stay in one spot
Conserve – lean your mixture and save fuel
Communicate – contact an FSS or an air traffic controller
Confess – do not be afraid to admit that you are lost. They are there to help you!
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
Poor judgement, memory, alertness, visual acuity and coordination. Sensation of euphoria or
sometimes even belligerence can occur (a macho attitude). Other symptoms include, dizziness,
headache, drowsiness and cyanosis (blue coloration of lips and fingernails).
How will you scan for traffic at night?
Offset scan so that we can optimize our peripheral vision and not look directly at traffic. We will struggle to see
points if we look right at it because our cones are denser in the center of the eye.
What are the hazardous attitudes and their antidotes?
Describe FROM, BECMG, TEMPO, PROB, on a TAF?
FROM – Rapid change occurring within 1 hour
BECMG – Gradual change to take place over the course of 1 hour
TEMPO – Between the predicted period, this weather will only occur for less than an hour
PROB – number placed afterwards is the probability of the weather forecasted to occur
What preflight action is required by the FARs?
NOTAMS
Weather
Known ATC delays
Runway Lengths
Alternates
Fuel
Takeoff and Landing Distances
What are the runway illusions?
Runway illusions can occur when a pilot's perception of the environment is altered by conditions, which can lead to spatial disorientation
When are navigation lights required?
Sunset to sunrise (Riddle always requires them)
Who loves you with all his heart
Your amazing boyfriend does. I love you my love!!!!!!