Alanine
Deamination
Glutamine
Protein Digestion
Transamination
100

Alanine is used to transfer _____ groups from the muscle to the liver during conditions of illness, fasting, and low carbohydrate stores.

amino

100

Deamination is the process of removing an amino group from amino acid to produce ______ and requires the coenzyme vitamin B6 (PLP).

ammonium/ammonia

100

Glutamine is one of the main forms of _____ transport in the blood stream.

ammonia

100

HCl produced by parietal cells is necessary to denature proteins and activate _____ from pepsinogen produced by the chief cells.

pepsin

100

Transamination is the process of transferring an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid (typically ______, a key intermediate in the TCA cycle).

alpha-ketoglutarate

200

Glutamate created from the transamination of _____, transfers an amine group to pyruvate to form alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate.

leucine

200

Glutamate, histidine, serine, glycine, and threonine are typically deaminated.  Enzymes that catalyze deamination reactions are called deaminases or _____ (loss of water accompanies reaction).

dehydratases

200

In the skeletal muscle, glutamine is formed from 1) transamination of ______ amino acids and 2) deamination of AMP as a consequence of high use of ATP during exercise.

branched-chain

200

Bicarbonate and pro-enzymes (zymogens) from the ______ are transported to the small intestine for continued peptide and oligopetide digestion.

pancreas

200

Transamination requires _____ (PLP) as a vitamin coenzyme and typically produces non-essential (dispensable) amino acids or is the first step in amino acid catabolism.

vitamin B6

300

Alanine is released from the muscle into the bloodstream and taken to the _____.

liver

300

Additional sources of ammonia besides deamination are deamidation of glutamine and asparagine, ingestion and absorption from foods (cheeses, processed meats), and production from colonic bacteria generation that is absorbed through the _____ into the body.

enterocyte

300

Glutamine cellular needs increase in ______ conditions such as infection and trauma and is used for many purposes besides ammonia transport.

hypercatabolic

300

Proenzymes are converted to active enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepsides) that hydrolyze peptide bonds to form tri- and dipeptides and free ______.

amino acids

300

For example, the enzyme ALT transfers an amine group from the amino acid alanine to the alpha-keto acid alpha-ketoglutarate and forms the alpha-keto acid pyruvate and the amino acid ______.

glutamate

400

Glutamate can undergo deamination to provide ammonia for _____ synthesis.

urea

400

_______ catalyzes the addition of ammonia to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate.

Glutamate dehydrogenase

400

Glutamine 1) promotes health and proliferation of immune cells, 2) is a needed component for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 3) is a component of cytokines and cell surface proteins that activate the immune system, 4) produces stress-related proteins, and 5) prevents atrophy of the intestine and protects against bacterial ______.

translocation

400

A diverse set of transporters are used to absorb free amino acids into the enterocyte while different transporters absorbs tri- and dipeptides which are broken down to free amino acids in the _____.

enterocyte

400

ALT is an important enzyme found in high amounts in the liver, but also fund in the heart and kidneys. The enzyme AST transfers the amino group from the amino acid aspartate to the alpha-keto acid alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and _______.

oxaloacetate

500

The pyruvate is converted to glucose through metabolic pathway, ______, and released in the bloodstream and taken back to the muscle to be oxidized through glycolysis.   The alanine-glucose cycle has two main functions: 1) transport nitrogen to the liver for conversion to urea and 2) allow for regeneration of glucose to be used for fuel in the muscle.

gluconeogenesis

500

__________ is the first step in the urea cycle that catalyzes the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthatase 1

500

Glutamine supplementation may be recommended for the critically ill and administration of alanyl-glutamine or glycyl-glutamine is needed in ______ administration to prevent deamination.

enteral or IV

500

Amino acids are exported into the _____ and travel unassisted.  The liver takes up 50-65% of amino acids from portal blood after a meal.

bloodstream

500

Lysine, histidine, and threonine cannot undergo _____.

transamination

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