Protein Structure
Basic Order
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary
Elements Found In Protein
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
What is it?
The rearangement of molecules to form new molecules
Enzymes
Work as catalysts for chemical reactions by lowering activation energy, not used up or changed during reaction (recyclable), Play key roles in Regulating chemical pathways, Making materials the cell needs, Releasing energy, and Transferring information
Mouth/Esophagus
mechanical: teeth cut and grind food, esophagus rhythmicaly tenses muscles to break down food
chemical: Saliva is produced by salivary glands, which contains salivary amylase that chemically breajs down starches into disaccharides
Primary Structure
Linear chain of amino acids, can be more than 1000 amino acids, order of amino acids is critical for proper folding, if it does not fold correctly it will not function
Amino Acid Structure
Central C (carbon), Amino group, Carboxyl group, and R group
Reactants
The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants
Substrate
The substrate is the reactant activated in the enzyme in a CR, SPECIFIC to the substrate (determined by active site)
Secondary Structure
Specific pattern of folding, such as alpha helix and beta sheet,depends on hydrogen bonding to maintain its shape,(the hydrogen bonds are between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another amino acid)
Functions
Make up structures, speed up chemical reactions, Help fight infections, transports materials, muscle contraction, act as chemical messengers
Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products.
Active Site
region on enzyme that is specific to the substrate, the shape of the active site permits the substrate to bind to the enzyme and helps the chemical reaction proceed more easily
Tertiary Structure
Polypeptides folds over itself multiple times due to interactions between R-groups between amino acids, held together by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions
How are they made
Dehydration synthesis- water molecule is taken and amino acids come together
Activation energy
Initial input of energy to get chemical reaction started
S-E complex
When the substrate binds with the active site of the enzyme an enzyme-substrate complex forms
Does not occur in all proteins, 2 or more polypeptide folded chains come together to form one functioning protein
How are they broken apart
Denatured enzymes
Enzymes that lose their shape and can no longer function are said to be “denatured”, Caused by changes in temperature and pH