Science of Learning
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
As a psych major, you will hear this phrase about correlation over and over again.
correlation does not equal causation.
A police officer gives you a traffic ticket for going 50 on Shields approaching Laurel. What type of conditioning is this?
Positive Punishment
A fill in the blank test question is an example of what retention measure?
Recall
Wilhelm Wundt
This study technique involves sessions that are repeated and distributed over time.
spacing
In experimental research, what is the name of the group that does not receive treatment?
the control group
B.F. Skinner’s experiments using rats attempted to shape the animals’ behavior using reinforcement and punishment, this process is known as
Operant conditioning
Your new roommate introduces you to their boyfriend. After a few minutes you forget their name. This happened because information wasn’t encoded from ____ memory to _____ memory.
short term to long term.
This theory of psychology proposed that learned behaviors are from observation and conditioning.
Behaviorism
For this exam a student studied an hour a day on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. What is this the name of this type of spacing technique?
Between-session
The three types of research
Descriptive, Experimental, Correlational
This classical conditioning component involves an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus
This type of explicit memory encompasses facts and general knowledge.
Semantic memory
The 3 traits required to have a scientific attitude.
1) curiosity
2) skepticism
3) humility
The two ways in which sleeping between study sessions helps learning.
solidifies new knowledge & allows you to create new connections.
A researcher wants to know whether amount of screen time will affect quality of sleep in college students. What is the IV and what is the DV?
Independent: screen time, Dependent: quality of sleep
A backpacker for the past 10 miles has been out of water and are starting to get dizzy and parched. This specific type of reinforcer is making them realize they need to find water as soon as possible.
Primary Reinforcer
The magic number proposed by George Miller (1956) that describes the capacity of our short term memory.
7 plus or minus 2
Two influential women involved in psychology.
Mary Whiton Calkins (First woman APA president)
Margaret Floy Washburn (First woman to receive a phD)
The study method that was most effective for memorization in Kornell & Bjork's 2008 study where researchers asked participants to memorize artists' styles.
Interleaving: mixed artist styles were more effective for memorization.
The 4 ethics codes for research from the APA
Informed consent, protect from harm, confidentiality, debriefing participants
In Behaviorism, psychology should be a(n) ____ science but does not study behavior without reference to __________.
Objective & Mental Processes
This phrase describes the findings of a famous researcher who found that the more times he studied a list of nonsense syllables on day 1, the less time he required to relearn it on day 2.
Ebbinghaus' Retention Curve
Cognitive, Evolutionary, Cross-Cultural/Gender, and Positive Psychology all fall under this umbrella of modern psychology:
Contemporary Psychology