Intelligence Basics
The ability to learn, reason, and solve problems.
Intelligence
A test designed to predict a person's future performance or ability to learn.
Aptitude test
Knowledge and skills accumulated through experience and education.
Crystallized intelligence
The size of a number or quantity.
Magnitude
An innate system for estimating quantities without counting.
Approximate number system
A score from a standardized test that represents a person's intelligence compared to others.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A test designed to measure what a person has already learned.
Achievement test
The ability to solve new problems and use logic in new situations.
Fluid intelligence
Thinking about the relationships between numbers or objects.
Relational reasoning
An innate ability in humans and some animals to understand and estimate numbers.
Number sense
Most IQ scores cluster around the average of 100, with fewer scores at the extremes.
Normal distribution of IQ
The belief that intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed.
Fixed mindset
A general mental ability that influences performance on many cognitive tasks.
General intelligence (g)
Applying whole number knowledge incorrectly when reasoning about fractions.
Whole number bias
Thinking about your own thinking and monitoring how you solve problems.
Metacognition
How consistent a test's results are over time.
Reliability
The belief that intelligence can be developed through effort and learning.
Growth mindset
The theory that intelligence is made up of a general factor (g) and specific factors (s).
Two-factor theory of intelligence
It is easier and faster to compare two numbers when the distance between them is larger.
Distance effect
The extent to which differences in intelligence are due to genetics.
Heritability of intelligence
How well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Validity
Gardner's theory that there are multiple types of intelligence, not just one general type.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
IQ tests may favor people from certain cultural backgrounds, making them unfair for others.
Cultural bias in IQ tests
Comparing numbers becomes harder as the numbers get larger, even when the distance between them is the same.
Size effect
The way the brain understands, represents, and works with numbers.
Numerical processing