Learning
A positive reinforcer is anything that when introduced after a response, ________ the response.
a. strengthens
b. weakens
c. does not effect
d. eliminates
a. strengthens
What is the name of Ms. Logan's cat?
a. Megumi
b. Muffins
c. Sally
d. Jack
c. Sally
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?
a. Catastrophes
b. Significant life changes
c. Daily hassles
d. Pessimism
d. Pessimism
A(n) _____ is a mental image or best example of a category.
a. heuristic
b. algorithm
c. concept
d. prototype
d. prototype
Albert Bandera's experiments indicate that _______ is important in the process of learning.
a. latent learning
b. instinctive drift
c. modeling
d. a fixed interval reinforcement schedule
c. modeling
Genesis has learned the names of all the countries and their capitals in South America. This knowledge is referred to as
a. semantic memory
b. long-term potentiation
c. a flashbulb memory
d. memory consolidation
a. semantic memory
The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that:
a. daily hassles have adverse health consequences
b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to illness
c. the amount of stress a person feels is directly related to the number of stressors experienced
d. daily hassles don’t cause stress, but catastrophes can be toxic
b. experiencing a very stressful event increases a person’s vulnerability to illness
Which obstacle to problem solving hinders individuals from forming fresh perspectives?
a. Mental set
b. Intuition
c. Confirmation bias
d. Fixation
d. Fixation
Coffee shops that reward customers with a free drink after 10 coffee purchases are using a _________ reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed-interval
b. variable-interval
c. fixed-ratio
d. variable-ratio
c. fixed-ratio
Three basic measures of memory retention are...
a. chunking, rehearsing, and semantic processing
b. encoding, storage, and retrieval
c. sensory memory, short term, and long term memory
d. recall, recognition, and relearning
b. encoding, storage, and retrieval
Which of the following factors does not predict self-reported happiness?
a. Age
b. Personality traits
c. Sleep and exercise
d. Active religious faith
a. Age
Which of the following is TRUE regarding intuition?
a. Intuition is explicit.
b. Intuition is usually adaptive.
c. Intuition has minimal effects on judgment.
d. Intuitive judgments take a long time.
b. Intuition is usually adaptive.
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as...
a. the testing effect
b. deep processing
c. the spacing effect
d. chunking
c. the spacing effect
The human capacity for storing long-term memories is...
a. essentially limitless
b. roughly equal to seven units of information
c. typically, much greater in younger children than in adults
d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65
a. essentially limitless
Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?
a. Retaliate verbally or physically.
b. Wait or “simmer down.”
c. Express anger in action or fantasy.
d. Review the grievance silently.
b. Wait or “simmer down.”
Gina is shopping for a vehicle and is considering an SUV because of high safety ratings that she recently read about. What is Gina basing her decision on?
a. Belief perseverance
b. Availability heuristic
c. Framing
d. Confirmation bias
b. Availability heuristic
Terry gets caught sneaking out of the house at night past his curfew. His parents take away his car privileges for a month. Which principle of conditioning does this illustrate?
a. Positive punishment
b. Negative punishment
c. Positive reinforcement
d. Negative reinforcement
b. Negative punishment
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates...
a. anterograde amnesia
b. the misinformation effect
c. proactive interference
d. positive transfer
b. the misinformation effect
Shawn engages in a reflective practice in which he attends to his current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. Which of the following types of meditation does Shawn do?
a. Creative meditation
b. Mindfulness meditation
c. Reflective meditation
d. Concentration meditation
b. Mindfulness meditation
When Bill recently renewed his driver’s license, he left the default option for being an organ donor to “yes”. Framing the option in a way that encouraged Bill to make a beneficial decision, such as organ donation, is an example of _____.
a. morality
b. coercion
c. nudging
d. passive persuasion
c. nudging