Sleep & Dreams
What is the stage of sleep where most dreaming occurs?
REM sleep
Explain the concept of tolerance.
Needing larger doses to feel the same effect because the brain adapts to the drug.
Who proposed the theory that dreams are a way to fulfill unconscious wishes?
Sigmund Freud
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is called _______.
consciousness
Which drug category includes caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine?
Stimulants
Which sleep disorder causes people to suddenly fall into deep sleep at random moments?
narcolepsy
A legal depressant is _______ and enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter _______ , which inhibits neuronal firing.
When it comes to dreams, what is the difference between Freud's theory and modern science?
Freud says that dreams let us safely express hidden desires or emotions (reveal the unconscious) and modern science says that dreams may help us learn, remember, process emotions, or just reflect random brain activity.
The video of the dancing gorilla shows which kind of selective attention?
Inattentional Blindness
The body’s 24-hour biological clock.
Circadian Rythm
According to Freud, what is the difference between manifest and latent dream content?
Manifest = what you remember; Latent = hidden meaning.
Psychoactive drugs are substances that alter _______, _______, or _______ by changing the brain's chemistry.
perception, mood, or behavior
What is Freud’s term for the hidden, symbolic meaning of dreams?
Latent content
What is the difference between the conscious and unconscious track of processing?
Conscious track = deliberate/voluntary/logical actions; Unconscious track = automatic/intuitive actions.
Which sleep stage gets longer throughout the night as sleep continues?
REM sleep
Sleep deprivation contributes to weight gain, metabolic issues and increases the risk of depression because it increases two hormones and decreases one. Which ones?
Increases ghrelin and cortisol and decreases leptin.
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Which theory says dreams help the brain process and store the day’s information?
Information-processing theory
What is the ability to perform multiple tasks or process multiple streams of information simultaneously called? Example: driving while listening to music, reading a book while half-listening to a conversation
Two hallucinogens made of natural substances, studied for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and end-of-life distress. They modulate the serotonin system.
Psilocybin (mushrooms) & Ayahuasca
Sleep involves 5 main functions. Name 3 of them.
MDMA/Ecstasy releases a neurotransmitter written as 5-HT and blocks its reuptake. What is the name of that neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Which theory suggests dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity?
Activation-synthesis theory
What part of the brain involves emotions and memory, affecting consciousness through emotional experiences?
The Limbic System
Small region located in the hypothalamus of the brain. It acts as the body's "master clock", coordinating various physiological processes on a 24-hour cycle.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus