Person-Centered
What is Ecological Inventory?
An Ecological Inventory is used to gain information on students needs in relation to their current and future environments
What are the 6 methods of promoting communication?
Use Time Delay
Use Sabotage ➡️(NEED)
Use Out of Reach (keeping reward out of reach)
Provide Inadequate Proportions➡️(WANT)
Provide Choice-Making (providing choices)
Provide Assistance (making sure they need assistance so it can be provided) (provide their needs but cant do it)
What has research has shown regarding students with disabilities?
Are often less liked / accepted by their peers
Often experience loneliness
May be teased or rejected by peers
Need direct teacher support to build relationships with peers
Peers are less likely to socialize with students who have an adult within 3 feet
What are the 2 communication systems?
PECCS and PODD
(PECCS reference music video)
(PODD is normally a book or device that contains symbols and words to support communication between people with complex communication needs and their communication partners. (similar to a communication device))
Communication Enhancement Strategies
(More ways to provide the opportunity for a want or need)
Make favorite items inaccessible
Give small portions
Consume a portion of a favorite food/drink in front of the child
Create the need for assistance
Interrupt a favorite cooperative activity
Offer something that they don’t like
Offer a choice
Violate your child’s expectations
Surprise them
what are the major domains of an ecological inventory?
- domestic (bedroom)
- leisure (club)
- community (hometown)
- vocational (job)
- school (classroom)
What is pragmatic communication? examples?
is about social interaction or social communication.
It gives the students to skills to participate in communication with others in a social way.
Examples:
communication skills.
Initiating
Gaining attention
Turn-taking
Requesting help
Expressing preference or non-preference
Requesting termination of activities
Repairing communication breakdown
Giving information
Conversational follow-through
How do we assess social skills?
- Approaches to Assessment
Rating scales and checklists
Interviews
Self-reports
Direct observations
Record reviews
Analog role plays
What is the difference between high tech and low tech?
high tech (those consisting of electronic components or battery operated; e.g., speech-generating devices)
low tech (those consisting of no electronics or batteries; e.g., picture communication books)
What are the strategies to promote spoken language?
Antecedent Prompt/Test
Mand-model
If the teacher knows the student wants something, but the student doesn’t say the word to request it, the teacher will then say, “Tell me what you want” (mand).
Give appropriate wait time
Give another cue, model, reinforce any attempt or approximation
May incorporate time delay, constant or progressive wait time
Time Delay
All of these strategies can be used in the Natural Setting
Naturalistic Communication Strategies (see Resource on BOLT)
Incidental Teaching
Mand-model
Naturalistic Teaching
Time Delay
Enhanced Milieu Teaching
what is a Functional Routine or Situational Assessment?
Focus on typical activities that occur during individuals routine or day. This EI starts with an observation of the student in the setting
What are the 3 communication assessment strategies? (WITH SPEECH SERVICE)
Interview the people closest to the student,
Conduct a direct observation.
Identify contexts in which communicative attempts occur
What are some social skills instruction stratagies?
Adult-directed social skills approaches: social skills group
Social scripts: script out exactly what to say for each person
Self-management:
Conflict resolution
Social stories:
Power Cards:
Cooperative learning: learning in a group/ with same aged peers (soving problems or doing something together)
Peer mediated strategies: peer w/o disability is trained on how to repsond; the person with disability had picture cards
Videotaped feedback:
What is the difference between aided and unaided technology?
Aided systems include those that require some type of physical equipment
Unaided systems include those that do not require any type of object or those that can be demonstrated by a person’s body (e.g., manual signs, gestures, facial expressions)
What is a circle of friends?
This intervention promotes the inclusion of students with special needs into the school community
It is a peer-based approach and engages peer groups and practicing social skills
A circle is formed by peers and classmates and a student as the “focus child” in the middle of the circle
what is a Discrepancy Analysis?
Focus is on the comparison of behaviors and skills of a person without disabilities to the person with disabilities.
What are the structured probes when determining a student’s current repertoire of forms and functions?
Introduce interesting materials
Offer choices
Create silly situations to determine whether the student will comment or question them
What are social stories?
Most student are familiar with reading books or having books read to them.
Social stories are short books that outline a social challenge and how to manage through that difficulty using characters.
Bonus - There are many free social stories available on the internet.
Should be individualized
Sets out to address an area of need
Contains 4 sentence types
Descriptive- tells about what is going on in the environment or about the skill
Directive- tells the student what to do (do not focus on what not to do)
Perspective- tells what others may think (e.g., makes her feel happy)
Affirmative- tells the student that is OK to feel that way (e.g., you may not like the sound but it is OK)
Relationship between the types of sentences, include 0-1 directive to 2- 5 of all of the others. The story should be mostly descriptive, perspective, and affirming, and include few directives.
What is a visual Support?
Any visuals (pictures, photographs, objects, words) used to support students to increase their understanding of what is being said and what is expected.
How are naturalistic teaching methods used?
Incidental teaching: expands education
mand model: request
time delay: giving the student a set time to answer then model the correct behavior
What is an Operational skill and an Associated skill/Extension skill?
Operational Skill- basic to the completion of the task
Associated skills/extension skill- related skill that should be incorporated with operational skills, thus forming a functional routine (ex., saying please and thank you, or problem solving)
What are 4 ways to be an effective communication partner?
Give time to respond
Avoid excessive use of questions
Avoid repeating or questioning a child’s message
Make available communication tools where and when needed
What are Power Cards?
Power Cards are used to give students information and teach social skills.
Power Cards must include these three important components
Written in the first person
Include the individuals personal interest, passion, or motivation
Tell the individual what to do to solve the problem or what to do in a given situation
What is a Communication System?
A communication program designed to develop functional communication skills in students.
Examples: PECCS and PODD
Give an example of a social story or a power card
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