Diagnosis/Disease
Calf pseudohypertrophy
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne, due to X-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene)
Stable angina
Sublingual nitroglycerin
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Relative risk
RR = a/(a + b) over c/(c + d)
Hair on end” (“crew cut”) appearance on x-ray
β-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)
Child uses arms to stand up from squat
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Gowers sign)
Streptococcus bovis
Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to infective endocarditis
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from glucocorticoid therapy); Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease); Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
Number needed to harm
NNH = 1/AR
“Onion skin” periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
Dilated cardiomyopathy/high-output heart failure, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
Hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Sensitivity
Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)
“Tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Microcephaly, high-pitched cry, intellectual disability
Cri-du-chat (cry of the cat) syndrome
Recurrent UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (most common)
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Stroke volume
SV = EDV – ESV
Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule
Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
Bounding pulses, wide pulse pressure, diastolic heart Aortic regurgitation 298 murmur, head bobbing
Aortic regurgitation
Malaria
Chloroquine, mefloquine (chloroquine resistant cases), 154 atovaquone/proguanil, primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
Nephrotic syndrome (children)
Minimal change disease
Relative risk reduction
RRR = 1 − RR
Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)