Respiratory Basics
Commonly called the windpipe, this structure is strengthened by rings of cartilage.
trachea
A. Give 2 functions of the paranasal sinuses. B. What four bones are the sinuses within.
A1. produce mucus, 2. lighten skull, 3. produce resonance to speech
B. frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillae
The _____ is surrounded by "C-shaped" cartilage, adding protection anteriorly and allowing the esophagus to expand into it posteriorly.
Trachea
What system allows for relaxation and dilation of the bronchial branching? (be specific)
ANS sympathetic division
What is the function of the hilus?
Entrance/exit of vessels, nerves, bronchi, lymphatics
Define Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism, its blood, and the environment.
List 2 functions of the pharynx, and give the 3 anatomical regions.
1. passageway (air/food/liquid), 2. houses tonsils
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
A. The ______ are the tiny "balloon-like" sacs that allow for the exchange of gases. B. _____ in the blood is exchanged for ______ in the sacs.
A. Alveoli, B. carbon dioxide (blood) for oxygen (sacs)
What does elastic tissue do within the lungs?
Allows for expansion and then a return to original shape when exhaling (recoil)
A. How many lobes do each lung have?
A. right lung = 3 lobes, left lung = 2 lobes
This is a "flap" that covers the windpipe and helps keep food and water from entering the lungs.
Epiglottis
A. Identify the sticky coating secreted by cells along your respiratory tract, and the "hair-like" projections. B. What is the function of each?
A. mucous, cilia
B. mucous=entrap particles, cilia=moves mucous toward the throat (pharynx)
A. This layer adheres to the walls of the thoracic cavity. B. ______ is produced, allowing for _______.
A. parietal pleura
B. serous fluid, reducing friction & produce surface tension
A. Name the 4-events of respiration. B. Explain/define two of the processes.
A. 1. Pulmonary ventilation, 2. External respiration, 3. Respiratory Gas Transport, 4. Internal respiration
B. Pulmonary vent=moving air into and out of the lungs, external resp=gas exchange between the lung alveoli and blood capillaries of lungs, transport=movement of gases between the lungs and body tissues/structures, internal resp=gas exchange between systemic vessel blood & tissues/organs
A. What areas or area within the lungs have cartilage? Can gas be exchanged in these areas?
A. conducting airways within the lungs have cartilage B. no
A. Most important muscle of respiratory inhalation. B. Next most important muscles in aiding the muscle mentioned above.
A. Diaphragm
B. External Intercostals
Give 4 functions of the nose.
1. Air enters for respiration, 2. moisten/warms/humidifies, 3. filters and cleans air of foreign material, 4. housing for olfactory receptors
A. Name in order the bronchial branching of the tree. Must know the first three in order. B. Is the tree branching conducting or respiratory?
A. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
B. conducting
A. Where are the respiratory centers located? B. What is a function for each?
A. medulla oblongata & pons
B. Medulla=establishes respiratory rhythm, self-exciting inspiratory centers & inspiration interrupting expiratory centers... pons=allow for a smoother basic respiratory rhythm, prevent over-inflation of lungs (from stretch receptor signaling)
What type of airflow do conducting airways have?
turbulent/transitional
A. Identify the structures of the upper respiratory system. (hint: two) B. Identify the structures of the lower respiratory system. (Hint: 4)
A. nose & throat (pharynx)
B. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
A. The short passageway connecting the laryngopharynx and trachea is called ______? B. The _____ are folds that don't make sound but allow us to ______. C. The _____ are folds that allow us to make sound when breathing in what direction?
A. Larynx, B. Vestibular (false) folds, hold our breath against thoracic pressure, C. True vocal folds, when breathing out
A. What is the respiratory zone? B. Name the locations within the respiratory zone.
A. the area of gas exchange within the lungs (visible outpocketing)
B. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveolus
A. Give two ways in which carbon dioxide is transported within the body. B. How is the majority transported?
A1. as dissolved carbon dioxide, 2. carried by hemoglobin, 3. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
B. bicarbonate ions
A. What is surfactant and what is its function?
A. chemical produced in the alveoli that decreases surface tension and prevents collapse of alveoli