The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Additional Questions
100
This image represents what process
The Rock Cycle
100
Igneous rock type formed from magma and cooled UNDERNEATH the earth's surface
What is intrusive rock
100
Small particles that make up sedimentary rock.
What is sediments
100
Under pressure, shale forms what metamorphic rock, often used for roofing?
Slate
100
What is magma? How does magma differ from lava?
Magma refers to molten rock, which is found at depth, while lava refers to molten rock that is found on the surface of the Earth.
200
The type of rock that forms from magma or lava
What is igneous rock
200
Why do crystals in a magma stop growing during cooling?
They run out of space
200
The first step in turning a rock into a sediment is ________.
weathering alters the rock
200
| Two forces required to create metamorphic rock |  |
What is heat and pressure
200
The terms intrusive and extrusive are used to describe which one of the three rock groups?
Igneous Rocks
300
What are the 3 major groups of rocks
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
300
This action causes vesicles (open pores) to form in extrinsic rock when it is formed.
Gases are released.
300
Why are sedimentary rocks important?
Sedimentary rocks contain almost all of the fossil record. Sedimentary rocks make up about 75% of continental rock outcrops and contain clues to the history of the Earth’s surface. They also have economic importance; for example coal is a sedimentary rock and other natural resources are extracted from sedimentary rocks.
300
Texture of this metamorphic rock
Foliated
300
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive?
Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in larger crystals due to slow cooling, while extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface, creating smaller crystals; essentially, the key difference is where the magma cools - underground for intrusive and on the surface for extrusive.
400
True or False: Under the right circumstances, any rock can be transformed into another type of rock in the rock cycle.
True
400
Type of rock formed from lava ON the earth's surface.
What is extrusive rock
400
Type of this sedimentary rock (not name)
Biochemical
400
Under extreme temperature or pressure limestone becomes this metamorphic rock.
What is marble?
400
What is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?
Stratification - Layering of sediments
500
This is the starting process by which Igneous rock transform to sediment.
What is weathering or erosion
500
Intrusive igneous rocks are often characterized as coarse-grained because ________
the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow
500
Sedimentary rock made up of broken pieces of other rocks
Clastic or Conglomerate
500
Regional metamorphism often occurs during this tectonic process
Mountain building
500
What type of rock is generated when rocks that formed near the surface become deeply buried and exposed to intense pressure and/or heat (but do not melt)?
Metamorphic Rocks
600
This is the process by which layers of sediment become compacted and cemented together.
Lithification
600
What happens to crystals in igneous rocks when lava cools very quickly.
They have very small crystals
600
Process by which sediments become sedimentary rocks
Lithification
600
How forces are applied to rocks under confining pressure.
Forces are applied equally in all directions
600
When determining rock composition, describe the test that can be used to determine whether it contains the mineral calcite.
Placing dilute hydrochloric acid on the rock to see if it reacts (fizzes) with the calcium
700
What is the most common place for sediment to be deposited and why?
Oceans
There are a few explanations. First, 2/3 of the Earth's surface is oceans so it is most likely that anything on the Earth's surface will be in an ocean. In addition, most streams end in the oceans and the streams are one of the important mechanisms for moving sediment. I would also add that gravity moves things downhill and the ocean basins are generally lower than the continental surfaces.
700
Igneous texture characterized by two different crystal sizes?
What is porphyritic?
700
Describe the process of lithification.
- Compaction occurs where pressure is placed on loosely packed sediment. Volume of the sediment is reduced and water is squeezed out.
- Cementation occurs when mineral-bearing water circulates among the grains, hardens, and cements the sediment grains together. This process is most effective for lithifying sand and gravel-sized sediments.
700
Primary agent of contact metamorphism
Heat
700
The texture of the following igneous rock?
Aphanitic
800
Use the rock cycle to explain the statement “One rock is the raw material for another.”
The rock cycle illustrates that any rock type can be transformed into any other rock type. As an example, igneous rocks may be weathered and compacted into sedimentary rocks. Those sedimentary rocks may be subjected to heat and pressure to become metamorphic rocks. Depending upon the conditions, rocks can be continually transformed into different types of rock.
800
A porphyritic texture where large crystals are embedded in a matrix of small crystal may form when ________.
a magma that has partially crystallized slowly moves to a different location where it then cools rapidly.
800
Breccia is likely to have traveled only a short distance before compaction and cementation. How do we know this? Explain.
The fragments are angular so they didn't bounce off the other objects which would have rounded the corners.
800
Mountain building causes metamorphism because ________.
Mountain building creates differential pressure on the parent rocks
mountains are heavy and they push shallow, cool rocks to depths where they get heated
mountains form by the gradual buildup of material that comes from other areas and this can produce an uneven pressure on rocks
800
True or False: Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
True
900
Why does magma rise toward the Earth's surface?
Because it is less dense than the material around it
900
Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.
Glassy
900
The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
limestone
900
What is foliation?
Foliation in metamorphic rocks refers to a visible layering or banding pattern formed by the parallel alignment of mineral grains within the rock, caused by extreme pressure during metamorphism,
900
Which sample(s) in the image exhibit(s) a porphyritic texture?
B and G
1000
What is required for an igneous rock to weather?
It must be exposed at the surface of the Earth.
1000
What is the texture of the following rock?
Phaneritic
1000
True or False: Frost wedging is a form of chemical weathering
False
1000
Distinguish between regional and contact metamorphism.
Regional metamorphism is associated with mountain building and involves large amounts of pressure and high temperatures. It results in large-scale rock deformation. Contact metamorphism occurs when rock is in contact with hot magma. In these cases, metamorphism is heat-related.
1000
What term is used to describe the larger crystals in a Porphyritic igneous rock?
Phenocrysts
1100
Which rock in the image displays the best example of a vesicular texture?
D
1100
Which sample(s) in the image exhibit(s) a phaneritic texture?
A and E
1100
Describe the environment in which a fine-grained igneous rock forms
When molten lava solidifies on the surface, it cools rapidly and produces a fine-grained igneous rock
1100
Every metamorphic rock has a ________________, the rock from which it was formed.
Parent Rock
1100
Describe the environment in which a coarse - grained, phaneritic igneous rock forms.
When molten magma solidifies at great depths, it cools slowly, forming course grained igneous rock.
1200
_________________ shows the interrelationships among the three rock types
The Rock Cycle
1200
Be sure to know the difference between low-grade and high-grade metamorphism.
Metamorphic grade refers to the range of metamorphic change a rock undergoes, progressing from low (little metamorphic change) grade to high (significant metamorphic change) grade. Low-grade metamorphism begins at temperatures and pressures just above sedimentary rock conditions.