Intro to Biological Systems
Order the following biological components from most complex to least complex: organism, cells, organ systems, tissues, organs
organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
describe 2 different ways our digestive system conducts mechanical digestion
mouth- mastication (chewing)
stomach - churning
what are the 3 functions of the circulatory system
transporting gases, regulating internal temperature, protection/immunity
what are the 2 organs/structures in the upper respiratory tract?
List the 4 main types of cardiovascular (CV) disease.
Which anatomical plane divides the human body into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves?
frontal / coronal plane
describe the difference between digestive tract organs and accessory organs, and list 2 examples of each
digestive tract organs: food moves through these organs (esophagus and stomach)
accessory organs: assist in the process of digestion but food does not move through (liver, pancreas, gallbladder)
what structure of the heart is commonly referred to as the pacemaker?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
what organ is often referred to as the voicebox, and functions to act as a passageway and produce sound
larynx
What is the main cause of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
blocked blood flow (blood clot) to the heart muscle
lateral
The hepatic portal system is a specialized venous network that delivers absorbed materials to the liver for processing before entering the systemic circulation. Which blood vessel carries the absorbed materials from the small intestine to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
list the 4 components of blood and provide a brief description of each of their functions
plasma - dissolve and transport substances
erythrocytes (RBC's) - oxygen (and other gas) transport
leukocytes (WBC's) - fight pathogens and prevent infection
thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting of blood
list the pathway of breathing (identifying the main structures/organs)
1. nose/mouth, 2. pharynx, 3. larynx, 4. trachea, 5. lungs, 6. bronchial tree (bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar sac), 7. alveoli
Describe the terms distal and proximal
distal = farther from the point of attachment
proximal = closer to the point of attachment
If a person's bile production is reduced, what problem might they experience?
difficulty digesting fats (lipids)
which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?
pulmonary vein
list the 4 lung volumes involved in the spirograph
tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV)
What is the main cause or description of asthma?
airways narrow and swell (become inflammed), and produce extra mucous which increases the difficulty of breathing
Describe how human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is the self-regulating process by which an organism and the various organ systems maintain stability by adapting to changing conditions.
Examples: regulating pH and internal temperature
List 3 enzymes that are released by the pancreas to act in the small intestine for digestion
1) bicarbonate (reduces pH)
2) proteases (breaks proteins into polypeptides or smaller peptides)
3) amylase (breaks starches into dissaccharides)
4) lipase (breaks lipids into micelles)
describe the process of blood coagulation
1) blood vessels vasoconstrict around wound (reducing blood flow)
2) platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers
3) platelets release chemicals (clotting factors) to form a platelet plug
4) clotting factors trigger formation of fibrin protein
5) fibrin acts as a mesh net, forming a strong patch
6) vessel heals and patch dries, forming a scab
muscles contract, resulting in the diaphragm moving down and the intercostal muscles (ribcage) moving up and out, creating more space in the thoracic cavity (lungs)
this increased volume results in a decrease of pressure
air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, moving into the lungs
Describe the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up
arteriosclerosis: more advanced stage resulting in hardening of artery walls, increased BP and higher risk of blood clots