Skeletal System
Identify the type of bone found in the femur.
Long bone
Identify the type of joint at the knee.
Hinge joint
Identify the type of muscle responsible for voluntary movement.
Skeletal muscle
Identify what a fracture is.
A break in a bone
Identify the average of a data set.
Mean
Describe two functions of the skeletal system.
Support the body
Protect vital organs (accept movement / blood cell production)
Define flexion and extension.
Flexion: decreases angle
Extension: increases angle
Outline two functions of the muscular system.
Movement
Posture (accept heat production)
Distinguish between acute and chronic injuries.
Acute: sudden onset
Chronic: develops over time
Calculate the range: 10, 15, 22, 30
20
Explain how bones grow and repair.
Bones contain living cells
Growth occurs at growth plates
Repair involves new bone tissue forming after damage
Distinguish between ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments: bone to bone
Tendons: muscle to bone
Ligaments stabilize joints
Describe what happens to a muscle during contraction.
Muscle shortens
Fibers contract
Force is generated
Describe the RICE method.
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Explain why data is often presented in graphs.
Easier to interpret
Shows patterns/trends
Simplifies complex data
Explain how physical activity can influence bone health.
Weight-bearing exercise places stress on bones
Stimulates bone remodeling
Increases bone density
Reduces risk of fractures/osteoporosis
Explain the role of cartilage in joints.
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock
Protects bone ends
Allows smooth movement
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
Provides energy
Enables contraction
Needed for relaxation
Supports repeated contractions
Explain why ice is applied after injury.
Reduces blood flow
Limits swelling
Decreases pain
Controls inflammation
Explain the importance of a control group in an experiment.
Provides baseline
Allows comparison
Isolates effect of independent variable
Improves validity
Explain how physical activity influences bone density.
Weight-bearing exercise stresses bones
Stimulates bone remodeling
Increases calcium deposition
Improves bone strength
Reduces risk of osteoporosis
Explain how agonist and antagonist muscles work together during movement at a joint.
Muscles work in pairs
Agonist contracts
Antagonist relaxes
Movement occurs at joint
Roles reverse for opposite movement
Explain why muscles fatigue during prolonged exercise.
Depletion of energy stores
Build-up of byproducts (e.g., lactic acid)
Reduced oxygen supply
Decreased efficiency of contraction
Leads to reduced force output
Explain how a warm-up can reduce the risk of injury.
Increases muscle temperature
Improves flexibility
Enhances blood flow
Prepares joints for movement
Reduces likelihood of strains/sprains
A student tests the effect of sleep on reaction time. Identify the independent variable and explain two ways to improve reliability.
Independent variable: amount of sleep
Repeat trials
Increase sample size
Keep conditions consistent
Use standardized procedures