Social psych
Labeling theory argues that ....
When someone is labeled as "deviant," it can influence how others treat them, and the individual may internalize that label, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Socialization is ....
the process through which people learn a society's norms, values, practices, and beliefs
Durkheim argued that Catholic and Jewish communities in Europe had lower suicide rates because they experience higher levels of _________.
solidarity
This type of institution regulates all aspects of an individual's life within a confined environment that is cut off from the outside world. These institutions exert total control over their members.(Bonus question: what are some examples of this type of institution?)
Total institution (prisons, military, mental hospitals)
Seeking to understand why inequalities persisted in the "meritocratic" French school systems of the 1960s, this scholar argued that there are three forms of capital. What are these three forms of capital, and who is credited with forwarding this theory?
Social, economic, and cultural. Pierre Bourdieu
Behaviorism focuses on ...
how rewards and punishments, also known as reinforcement and punishment, are consequences used to modify behavior
When does socialization take place during a person's life? (Bonus question: what is a popular misconception about this issue?)
Throughout their entire life.
Popular misconception: socialization only happens during childhood
What is primitive accumulation, according to Marx? Which two stages in society's history does Marx associate with this process?
Process of amassing capital through violence, dispossession, theft --> means of production is hoarded by a small few.
Stages: slavery, feudalism
_____ is a type of informal social control that often emerges to mark periods of transition or resocialization.
Hazing
Dominant culture vs. subculture vs. counterculture - what's the difference?
Bonus question: how might you match the three trajectories in segmented assimilation to the three types of culture above?
Dominant culture: reflects mainstream, dominant values
Subculture: has some characteristics that are distinct from dominant culture, but these aspects do not oppose or undermine the dominant norms
Counterculture: goes against dominant cultural norms
Bonus question: If you were to map three trajectories associated with segmented assimilation theory, you might say that:
Upward assimilation: immigrants absorb into dominant culture
Integration: immigrants adopt a subculture
Downward assimilation: immigrants absorb into a counterculture
Studies have shown that people became more ________ when they are forced to work together.
cooperative
A sociological theory that describes how people form their self-concept based on how they think others perceive them. (Bonus: name the theorist!!)
looking-glass self (Charles Cooley)
Durkheim argued that sociology must be based on "social facts," which are ....
Social facts include "manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him."
In other words, social facts are values/behaviors/norms that exist outside of an individual person but tend to influence their behavior
What is the difference between power and authority?
Power - the ability to impose your will on someone else's
Authority - accepted power—that is, power that people agree to follow according to specific procedures
Describe the difference between segregation and separatism
Segregation: separation that is forcibly, externally imposed upon a community by dominant society
Separatism: a survival strategy some marginalized groups may use for protection. Separation can be reflective of voluntary choice, but most often arises as a survival strategy in the face of ongoing mistreatment.
This theory emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind and was developed by ________.
Psychoanalysis; Sigmund Freud
Why did Cooley argue that shame and pride are two of the most important emotions in the creation of the self?
because these feelings indicate our intersubjectivity, they show us that we "live in the minds of others" and remind us that our individual survival in part relies on our ability to find belonging in a collective
Whereas Marx argued that any given society is ultimately determined by its economic conditions, Weber argued that ______.
What makes (and changes) society is both culture and material conditions.
Weber argues that all types of authority fall into one of these three categories
Traditional authority: type of authority that derives from long-standing customs and practices, often rooted in religious beliefs or cultural norms; is often seen as a natural and unquestioned way of organizing society. EX: patrimonialism
Charismatic authority: This authority rests on the extraordinary personal qualities or "charisma" of an individual, who is seen as having exceptional leadership or inspiring followers. It can be a powerful force for social change, but it is also often temporary and dependent on the leader's continued ability to inspire.
Rational-legal authority: This type of authority is based on a belief in the legitimacy of a society's laws and rules. Power is vested in the office or position, rather than in the individual who holds it, and it is typically exercised through a bureaucracy
Social learning theory argues that people learn by
observing others, particularly when the observed behavior is rewarded or goes unpunished.
Traditional theories define deviance as ...
This view defines deviance as something that is pathological, that indicates the presence of “disease” in an individual’s body and/or the “body” of society.
This view also tends to perceived deviance as something inherent to a person, something that can’t easily change (if it can change at all).
This person is credited with the theory of the "I/me/generalized other.
The _____ refers to the scripts we imagine others giving us about how we should be in society, and the _____ is how we incorporate and react to these scripts. Who is credite
George Herbert Mead
"me"; "I"
According to Durkheim’s theory on education, young students learn society's norms through ______.
Through social bonds, a feeling of shared life experience.
Foucault is famous for developing a theory of social control based on this architectural structure. (Part 2: describe the primary function of this structure).
Panopticon; creates binary between who is seen vs. seeing; people under this form of control are seen but can't see
In writing about the U.S. Jewish ghetto (Wirth) and the Great Migration/formation of Black Northern "ghettos" (Tolnay), Louis Wirth and Stewart Tolnay both seek to highlight a complex interplay between top-down _______ and bottom-up ________.
oppression/structural determination
community agency/expression.