Education Debt
The common term for disparities in standardized test scores between students of different races.
What is the achievement gap?
This type of racism is more covert and hidden than the overt racism of the past.
What is the "new racism"?
The process of being categorized and treated based on perceived racial identities.
What is racialization?
Research highlights the instrumental role of this in the academic achievement and resilience of students of Color.
What is a positive racial identity?
The ability to name and examine the effects of structural racism.
What is racial literacy?
The four components of the education debt, according to Ladson-Billings (Achievement Gap article).
What are historical, economic, sociopolitical, and moral?
A form of racism where racially inequitable policies are masked as solutions to racism.
What is "antiracist" racism?
The stereotype that positions Asian Americans as hard-working, submissive, and academically successful.
What is the model minority myth?
A teacher's ability to do this is a primary component in developing students' racial literacy.
What is understand and discuss racism?
Theories that suggest children of color are victims of pathological lifestyles that hinder their schooling.
What are cultural deficit theories?
Ladson-Billings argues focusing on the achievement gap is like focusing on this, instead of the larger national debt.
What is the national budget deficit?
The ideology that ignores race or racial differences, often leading to the perpetuation of racism.
What is colorblindness?
The idea that Asian Americans are seen as inherently foreign and unassimilable.
What is the perpetual foreigner stereotype?
The 1968 movement where Black parents in a New York neighborhood exercised control over their local public schools.
What was the Ocean Hill-Brownsville community control movement?
The belief that success is always the product of individual effort, often ignoring systemic barriers.
What is meritocracy?
An example of a historical debt where enslaved Africans' labor profited Northern industrialists who already had access to education.
What is the connection between cotton, New England mills, and public schooling?
Subtle racial assaults or insults that students of color often experience.
What are racial microaggressions?
The process by which some Asian American groups who do not fit the model minority stereotype are stereotyped in ways similar to African Americans.
What is ideological Blackening?
Lee et al. note that Asian immigrants created these to counter assimilation and preserve their language and culture.
What are supplementary/language schools?
The grouping of distinct Asian ethnic groups into one monolithic category.
What is panethnic lumping?
This is the disparity between what we know is right and what we actually do, representing a component of the education debt.
What is the moral debt?
Policies driven by privatization and market-driven goals that exacerbate racial inequities in schools.
What is neoliberal racism?
According to Lee et al., the model minority narrative arguably demotes Asian Americans to this, which hinges on the approval of Whites.
What is second-class citizenship?
Some Asian American students embrace a panethnic identity as a unifying force and a defense against this.
What is racism?
The process described by Ghaffar-Kucher where a group's religious identity becomes the primary lens through which they are understood and marginalized.
What is religification?