Ch. 5 - Membrane and Organelles
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active requires energy to move molecules from a low concetration gradient to a high concentration gradient
Passive does not require energy and is movement of molecules from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient
Where is a reaction catalyzed in an enzyme?
The active site (sometimes called the catalytic site)
What is the byproduct of respiration when glucose is broken down?
CO2
Which occurs first, the Light or Dark reactions and why are they named this way?
Light occurs first, it requires the energy captured from the photons to go through the ETC and produce ATP.
Why is the cellular membrane called the a "bilayer"?
The membrane is made up of interacting phospholipids, the polar heads interact with the aqueous environment while the hydrophobic tails interact with each other.
Which type of inhibition (competitive or noncompetitive) is considered allosteric?
Noncompetitive - the inhibitor (or the allosteric molecule could also be an activator) binds to a site other than the active site called the allosteric site
Oxygen
at the end of the ETC passed from Complex IVWhat connects the Light and Dark reactions?
ATP and NADPH created in the light reactions move to facilitate the dark reaction (forming glucose from RuBP and CO2)
What are the factors that affect the fluidity?
1. Temperature (high temp = more fluid, lower temp = less fluid)
2. Presence of cholesterol / Unsaturated fatty acids (very high temp = less fluid, low temp = more fluid)
Photo - light energy
Chemo - require molecules from environment
Auto - inorganic carbon (CO2)Hetero - organic carbon (glucose)
ex. chemohetertrophs - humansWhat is the purpose of the proton gradient and where do the protons flow?
The protons flow from the matrix to the inter-membrane space
The purpose is the allow the formation of ATP as the protons want to flow back to the low concetration of H+ through ATP synthase.In each Photosystem: Antenna Chlorophylls V.S. reaction center, what each type of them are transferring?
Antenna Chlorophylls move photons and light energy to excite electrons
Reaction center is the pocket for the electrons to become excitedWhat are the major functions of the endomembrane system organelles?
nuclear envelope - contains DNA, allows RNA to be synthesized
ER - lipid and protein synthesis
Golgi - modify and sort proteins/lipids, and synthesize carbohydrates
Vacuoles - digesting unused macromolecules
What determines if a reaction is spontaneous or not?
The free energy ( delta G ), - G is spontaneous which means a release of free energy - the products are more stable than the reactants.
What is the purpose of going through fermentation and why does this pathway occur in the first place?
The purpose is to continually go through substrate level phosphorylation and replenish NAD+
PSI so the electron is ensured to move forward in the reaction and reduce NADP+
What is FRAP and what did it show?
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching - showed that the membrane was fluid after bleached areas of the membrane were slowly replaced by nonbleached lipids and proteins.
Given either a positive or negative ∆ G, determine whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic.
+∆ G - the products are less stable than the reactants, energy is required, endergonic
-∆ G - the products are more stable than the reactants, energy is released, exergonic
What are the total products of each stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
TCA - 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (each pyruvate molecule makes 1/2 the products)ETC - 28 ATP
Totals - 32 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
Electron comes from water
H2O - PSII (excitation) - Cytochrome - PSI (excitation) - NADP+ reductase - NADP+ (forms NADPH)