Epidemiology
How many australian adults have T2DM
1 million
What are 4 risk factors for type 2 diabetes that can be modified?
Low levels of physical activity
Being overweight (especially around the waist)
Unhealthy eating habits
Smoking
High cholesterol levels
High blood pressure
Other than endocrine, name 4 systems that uncontrolled diabetes can affect directly or indirectly
CVS
Renal
Ophthalmological
CNS/PNS
MSK
Dental
Immune
Which gender has a higher rate of T2DM
What are 4 risk factors for type 2 diabetes that cannot be changed?
Age over 40 years (risk increase with age)
Family history - have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
Having had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy)
Having PCOS
Cardiovascular disease
Name the 3 common UTI causative organisms and explain why you might see UTIs in diabetes patients
E. Coli
Coagulase-negative streptococci
S. epidermidis
S. aureus
Enterococcus faecalis
Candida
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
P. aeruginosa
Serratia
How much higher is T2DM in the lowest socioeconomic areas vs the highest socioeconomic areas
around 2x
What is the association between gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes? Does the risk of developing type 2 diabetes increase for the parent and/or the infant?
Maternal BGLs usually decrease back to normal levels but there is an increased risk of developing T2 diabetes later on
The infant also has an increased risk of developing T2 diabetes later on
Explain the mechanism of diabetes-related hypertension
Increased sugar in blood stream
Increased osmolarity and reabsorption of water, causes hypertension
Damage to kidneys
What percentage of deaths in australia were associated w diabetes in 2020
10.8%
List 4 ethnic populations that are at a relatively higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Pacific Islander people
Maori people
Asian people (including South Asia)
North African people
Southern European people
Middle Eastern people
Explain DKA and name 1 life-threatening effect of this on the body
Body unable to use sugars
Body uses keto acids instead
Brain damage, seizures, stroke
Arrhythmia, AMI
Pulmonary oedema
Indigenous Australians are how many more times more likely to develop T2DM
3x
List 3 drugs can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
Antipsychotics
Corticosteroids
Beta-blockers
Statins
Thiazide diuretics
Upon INSPECTION ONLY, what is one area of the body which is associated with diabetes, name 3 symptoms in this area and explain the mechanism
Legs
Oedema caused by hypovolemia
Muscle wasting caused by nerve damage
Poor wound healing due to bad circulation or infection