Circulatory and Hematopoietic Systems
Ergot
What organ has the first pass effect and maintains iron and copper homeostasis?
Liver
What are the toxic principles in mushroom toxicity?
Amatoxins and phallotoxins (they inhibit RNA polymerase)
What are these clinical signs of? Polydipsia, nausea/vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, weakness, dehydration, and polyuria/oliguria/anuria.
Acute renal injury and/or failure
Crooked calf disease can be characterized by cleft palate and limb and spinal contractures, what are some plants known to cause this?
Tobacco, poison hemlock, lupines
Trauma, such as chewing, to what type of plants results in a mixture of sulfur containing organic compounds such as sulfhemoglobin, that forms Heinz bodies?
Allium (garlic, onions, shallots)
Why do sick sheep seldomly survive?
Hepatotoxins cause copper toxicosis. Copper that is stored in the liver is released into the blood causing damage to RBCs/hemolysis, copper and hemoglobin causes renal damage.
What pathway do cats lack that makes them extra susceptible to Acetominophen toxicity?
UDP- Glurcuronosyl Transferase
What accounts for over 90% of acute renal failure cases?
Ischemia/reperfusion and nephrotoxicosis
What is clover disease and what species does it affect?
What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin and what is the result?
Inhibition of the carboxylation of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. Results in bleeding.
In oxalate toxicity, what are the sharp crystals that are ejected from chewing the leaves and stems called?
raphides
What are the effects that NSAIDs have on the body?
Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. Some shown to inhibit activation, aggregation, and adhesion of neutrophils and platelets and release of lysosomal enzymes.
What are the most and least susceptible species to ochratoxin toxicity?
What is the major problem encountered with locoweed poisoning and what causes it?
Decreased fertility in cattle- toxic principle: swainsonine
Name one main “first generation” anticoagulant, one main “second generation” anticoagulant and one main “intermediate” anticoagulant.
What plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids in them and what signs does toxicity cause?
What are slaframine and swainsonine toxic principles of?
Mycotoxins that usually inhabit red clover- generally causes excess salivation especially in horses
What are ochratoxins produced by and what is the most toxic kind?
Aspergillus and Penicillium
Ochratoxin A is the most common and toxic
Pigs have an increased sensitivity to the mycotoxin Zearalenone, why?
Most likely related to the slow metabolism and enhanced enterohepatic recirculation of zearalenone that occurs in pigs.
What is the mechanism of action of ergot toxicity?
Acts agonistically at biogenic amine receptors
Symptoms: convulsions, hallucinations, abortion, paralysis, GI disturbance, gangrene of extremities and death.
What is the toxic principle of Autumn Crocus (Crocus autumnale) and what is its MOA?
What are the toxic principles of Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) and which one is a potent vesicant that irritates the mucous membranes of the GI system?
Name the three stages of ethylene glycol toxicity.
1. CNS phase: early (30 min to 12 hr)
CNS signs, vomiting, PU/PD (like alcohol intox)
2. Acidosis phase (from 8 hours on)
Vomiting, depression, anorexia, weakness, coma
3. Renal failure stage (24 hours on [sooner in cats])
Vomiting, anorexia, abd. pain, azotemia, anuria, crystalluria
Zearalenone is a estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, what other toxins can you see in conjunction with it?
Vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON)