Polarity of Water
the reason water molecules exhibit polarity
The polar covalent bonds that forms between the oxygen and hydrogen causes the water to have polarity
What elements are found in carbohydrates
C,H,O
What are the two main types of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA
What are the monomers that make up proteins
amino acids
Lipids are made up of these two components
Fatty acid tails and glycerol
how the polarity of water contributes to its solvent properties
Water will dissolve other polar molecules
the basic building block of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
Describe the structure of a nucleotide
if you want to break a peptide bond what reaction would you perform?
Hydrolysis
Explain the structure and function of phospholipids
hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate group
Describe how the polarity of water causes hydrogen bonding between water molecules
The slight negative charge on the oxygen will be attracted to the slight positive charge on the hydrogen of another water molecule
Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Mono = one sugar; Di = two sugars bonded together; Poly = three or more sugars bonded
what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose sugar?
Deoxyribose does not have an oxygen on the #2 Carbon
Describe three functions of proteins
Enzyme, Defense, Transport, Storage, Receptor, Hormones, Movement, Structure,
How do lipids contribute to the formation of cell membranes
Two layers of phospholipids will form with the heads facing to the inside and outside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing each other.
How does the polarity of water impact its interaction with ionic substances
Water will cause ionic substances to disassociate into their individual ions.
The structural carbohydrate in plants & the storage carbohydrate in animals
Cellulose & Glycogen
Explain why the double helix structure of DNA remains bound together
The hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs
Explain the concept of denaturation and its effects on protein function
Denaturation is when you change the structure of a protein and this in turn changes the shape making the protein not function.
What is the base molecule of hormones made from lipids
steroid
Describe the bond that forms because of water's polarity
A hydrogen bon
Name the reaction that forms the bond and the name of the bond between two monosaccharides
dehydration synthesis and glycosiddic linkage
What determines directionality in DNA
The end with the phosphate is the 5' end the end with the OH is the 3' end. Each strand runs in opposite directions
Describe the four levels of protein structure
Primary = sequence of A.A. as determined by DNA; Secondary = alpha helix and beta sheets formed by H-bonds between amino acids
Tertiary= Protein, R-group interactions
quaternary = two or more proteins interacting
Discuss the significance of cholesterol in cell membrane fluidity
Cholesterol helps to stabilize membranes so that they do not freeze in cold temps and do not melt in hot temps.