Early Civilizations and Societies
They were responsible for agriculture, domestic work, and crafting, while others focused on hunting and warfare.
women in Native American societies
He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, opening sea routes to Asia.
Bartolomeu Dias
What crop became the economic foundation of Jamestown and changed its relationship with Native Americans?
Tobacco
Name one positive and one negative impact of the Columbian Exchange.
Positive—introduction of new crops to Europe; Negative—spread of diseases to Native populations.
What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
A successful Native American uprising against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico
How did trade operate among pre-Columbian Native American tribes?
Tribes exchanged goods such as tools, pottery, and food, often fostering peaceful interactions and cultural exchange.
He led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, though he did not complete the journey himself.
Ferdinand Magellan
What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?
It established a framework for self-governance based on majority rule among settlers in Plymouth Colony.
New crops like potatoes and maize boosted population growth and economic stability in Europe.
Columbian Exchange
How did Cabeza de Vaca’s journey inspire further exploration of the Americas?
His accounts of vast wealth and opportunities motivated other explorers to search for the Seven Cities of Cibola.
What technological advancement made large, settled communities like Cahokia possible?
The development of agriculture, especially maize cultivation.
It divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, shaping the territorial boundaries of their empires.
Treaty of Tordesillas
How did religious tolerance shape Roger Williams’s founding of Providence?
Williams emphasized freedom of religion and separation of church and state, setting his colony apart from Puritan orthodoxy.
How did the geography of trade shift after Columbus’s voyages?
Trade routes moved from overland paths like the Silk Road to transatlantic sea routes.
What were the major grievances leading to the Pueblo Revolt?
Oppression by Spanish settlers, forced labor, and the suppression of Native religious practices.
Describe the Anasazi’s contributions to pre-Columbian society.
They built advanced adobe structures, cultivated crops, and created extensive trade networks.
To organize Native American labor for agricultural and mining projects while supposedly protecting them under Spanish rule.
encomienda system
What were some reasons for the failure of the “Lost Colony” of Roanoke?
Lack of supplies, hostile relations with Native Americans, and possibly severe weather conditions.
What were the long-term impacts of the Treaty of Tordesillas on global geopolitics?
It set the stage for Spanish dominance in the Americas and Portuguese expansion in Africa and Asia.
Explain the role of privateers in England’s early colonial efforts.
They were state-sponsored pirates who disrupted Spanish shipping and explored North American coasts, aiding England’s expansion efforts.
What similarities existed among Native American tribes despite their diversity?
Spiritual connections to nature, communal living, and kinship-based societies.
Explain the role of the Aztec religion in Hernán Cortés's conquest of Tenochtitlán.
The Aztecs’ belief in the return of Quetzalcoatl led them to initially welcome Cortés, which facilitated his eventual conquest.
How did the English Civil War impact colonization efforts in North America?
It diverted resources and attention from colonization but also prompted political and religious refugees to seek opportunities in the New World.
How did the Protestant Reformation influence colonization in the Americas?
It prompted the migration of Protestant groups seeking religious freedom and led to conflicts between Catholic and Protestant powers in the New World.
How did the Reconquista influence Spain’s colonization of the Americas?
It instilled a militant Christian ideology and methods of subjugation that were applied to Native Americans in the New World.