Overall Microbes
What are microorganisms?
Organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye; you need a microscope to see them.
Who invented pasteurization, the rabies vaccine, and lead the swan-neck flask experiment?
Louis Pasteur
What is the cell wall made out of?
Peptidoglycan
Explain the difference between the Rough ER and the Smooth ER
Rough ER: has ribosomes; it is a site for protein synthesis
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; lipid synthesis and degradation; calcium ion storageWhat is a gene?
Segments of DNA that form units of a chromosome or plasmid
Prokaryotes lack a ________?
Nucleus
What did John Tyndall discover?
He discovered heat resistant bacteria (endospores).
What is the polysaccharide-containing substance found external to the cell wall that is used for coating and attachment?
Glycocalyx
What are the functions of:
The Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
What are the building blocks of DNA?
**BONUS: What is included in those building blocks?**
Nucleotides
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (nucleic acid)
What is one way microbes are beneficial?
Possible answers:
Bioremediation; antibiotics; genetic engineering; used to make beer, whine, and bread; decomposition; make nitrogen available to plants; they are food
What is Spontaneous Generation Theory?
The belief that microorganisms arise from nonliving things.
What lies outside of the cell wall in Gram Negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); endotoxin; Lipid A
True or False:
Fungi have the ability to be polymorphic
False; Fungi have the ability to be Dimorphic
What is the overall difference between DNA replication and Transcription-Translation?
DNA replication: Copying the whole DNA to make two semiconservative DNA molecules
Transcription-Translation: Taking only part of the DNA to code for proteins
List the 6 major types of microbes.
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Helminths
5. Viruses
6. Prions
He discovered Penicillin by accidentally having Penicillium mold contaminate his culture of staphylococcus bacteria, which inhibited the growth of that bacteria.
Tell me THREE key features that Gram Positive bacteria have that Gram Negative bacteria do not have
Possible answers:
- 3rd amino acid: lysine
-Presence of peptide interbridge
-Lack Outer Membrane
-Presence of Teichoic Acid
-They retain the gram stain due to its thickness
Where in the body do helminths primarily reside?
The GI Tract (intestines)
What are the types of horizontal gene transfer?
**BONUS: Explain each type**
1. Conjugation: Direct contact via the conjugation pilus/sex pilus/F pilus; transfers large quantity of DNA
2. Transformation: Bacteria take in free DNA from other bacterial cells that died and broke open (lysis)
3. Transduction: Gene transfer from one bacteria to another by a bacteriophage (a virus)
4. Transposons: Jumping Gene! Mobile genetic sequence that contain genes for transposition (ability for genes to move from one location to another) and other genes
Bacteria=Prokaryote
Fungi, Helminths, and Protozoa=Eukaryote
Viruses and Prions=Acellular
Which two scientists are associated with asepsis?
**Bonus (100 points): What did those two scientists discover?**
1. Semmelweis: Connected autopsies and childbed fever due to doctors not washing their hands between autopsies and examining women in labor.
2. Lister: Worked to sterilize bandages and instruments to reduce infection during surgery
Acid-Fast bacteria have a thick cell wall primarily due to what?
Due to lipids called mycolic acid
Explain the path of protein from DNA in the nucleus to the protein leaving the cell
-DNA in the nucleus
-DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus
-The mRNA adds caps and tail then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm
-Ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate mRNA into polypeptide chain
-Polypeptide chain (protein) is then folded
-Enters into the Rough ER
-Transported to the Golgi Apparatus
-Protein is then packaged into secretory vesicles
-Secretory vesicles move to plasma membrane and release the protein outside of the cell
What is High-frequency Recombination (Hfr)?
-A type of conjugation:
-The plasmid is incorporated into the chromosome of the Donor cell
-The new chromosomes that now include the plasmid is duplicated
-The duplicated chromosome/plasmid hybrid are shared with the recipient cell
-The recipient cell incorporates it into its chromosomes