Origin/Expansion of Feudalism
When did Feudalism occur in Western Europe? (centuries)
Between the 9th and the 15th centuries.
Where did the peasants live?
Villages
What was the nobility in charge of?
defending the rest of society in times of war.
Who was the highest authority in the Roman Catholic Church
The pope
What is the capital of Al-Andalus?
Córdoba
What is a ceremony of homage between a vassal and a lord?
In a ceremony of homage, the vassal promises the lord personal loyalty and military assistance. In return, the lord gives the vassal a fiefdom, which was usually a large piece of land.
What is the demesne?
The land that the lord used directly.
What is the role of the clergy?
They prayed for the salvation of humanity and provided cultural education. There was also a hierarchy within the clergy.
What is tithe?
a agricultural tax which the peasants had to pay.
Who were the Berbers?
Group from north Africa - were more numerous and they worked as
farmers or soldiers. They felt discriminated by the Arabs.
What caused Feudalism to happen in Europe?
Instability in Western Europe after the break-up of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century.
What are dependent holdings?
small plots of land leased by the lord to free peasants in exchange for part of their harvest, taxes and services.
Who were the villeins
Free peasants, craftsmen and traders who lived in towns and villages. They were free to leave their lord ́s land.
Who are heretics?
Those who diverged from the official doctrine.
For almost 800 years (711-1492)
What is a serf?
Peasants who surrendered their properties for their work.
What is a fiefdom/manor?
They were large territories belonging to the monarch or granted by him to the nobles and the clergy in exchange for their services.
Who was part of the secular clergy (as opposed to the regular clergy)
The clerics who lived among common people. They were the bishops and priests.
The Pope had the power to ________ (expel from the Church and condemned the victim to hell) whoever he wished, including monarchs.
excommunicate
List some architectural features used in the Caliphate of Cordoba
Horseshoe, pointed horseshoe and multi-foil arches. Latticework, stained-glass windows, fountains and pools, flat roofs made of wood and richly decorated domes.
Who attacked Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries during a a second wave of invasions?
Vikings, Bulgarians, Magyars and Slavs, and independent Muslim raiders.
What are some items owned by the Lord that the peasants had to pay to use?
the mill, the press, the oven and the forge
Who were the regular clergy?
The regular clergy were the abbots, monks, abbesses and nuns who lived in monasteries and convents
The Church promoted pilgrimages to which Holy sites?
Rome, Santiago de Compostela and Jerusalem
List some agriculture of Al-Andalus
Grains, grapes, olives and fruit trees were cultivated. The Muslims developed irrigation techniques and introduced new crops such as cotton, rice, aubergines and artichokes.