Atomic Structure & Bonds
What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
What is the chemical formula of water?
H2O
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide or Simple Sugar
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino Acid
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
Proteins
What macromolecule is found in pasta and provides quick energy?
Carbohydrates
What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?
Covalent Bond
What property allows water to stick to itself and form droplets?
Cohesion
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Short-term energy storage and structure in plants
What kind of bond holds amino acids together?
Peptide Bond
What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?
They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
What macromolecule is responsible for waterproofing in plants and animals?
Lipids, like waxes and oils
What type of bond is formed when an anion steals electrons from a cation?
Ionic Bond
What is the name of the property that allows water to climb up plant roots and stems?
Capillary Action
What is the primary function of lipids in the body?
Long-term energy storage and insulation
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine—A, T, C, G
What is the name of the specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds?
Active site
Which macromolecule is responsible for speeding up chemical reactions?
Proteins—specifically enzymes
What kind of bond holds together water molecules and contributes to its unique properties?
Hydrogen Bond
What property of water allows ice to float on top of liquid water?
Density
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temp; unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and are liquid at room temp
What is the primary function of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA?
Store and transmit genetic information
What two factors can denature (change the shape of) an enzyme?
Temperature and pH
What macromolecule does a person lack if they cannot make lactase, the molecule that digests lactose?
Protein - specifically enzymes
Give an example of an element that reacts violently with water.
Sodium, Lithium, Potassium, Rubidium, or Cesium (Cs)
What property of water helps to stabilize temperatures, preventing rapid changes in Earth's climate and body temperature?
Homeostasis
What is the name of the molecule that makes up the majority of cell membranes?
Phospholipid, which has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
(Lipid is also acceptable)
How does the sequence of amino acids determine a protein’s function?
It determines the protein's shape, which affects its ability to function properly
This term describes the point at which an enzyme’s active site fits perfectly with its substrate, often compared to a “lock and key.”
Enzyme-substrate complex
How do nucleic acids determine the characteristics of an organism?
They contain the genetic code that dictates protein synthesis and traits