Nature V Nurture
This term denotes the inborn or natural tendencies, behaviors, or capabilities an organism possesses.
What is "Innate" or "Instinct"?
This developmental pattern describes the progression of motor skills from the head down to the feet.
What is "Cephalocaudal development"?
This stage of psychosocial development in infancy involves the establishment of trust based on the consistent fulfillment of basic needs by caregivers.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves the use of words and images to represent objects but lacks concrete logic understanding.
What is "Cognitive Stage 2: Preoperational"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves thinking logically about tangible things and grasping the concept of conservation.
What is "Cognitive Stage 3: Concrete Operational"?
This term refers to the first occurrence of menstruation in females, signifying the onset of puberty.
What is "Menarche"?
These involuntary, automatic responses in infants include the rooting, Moro, and Babinski reflexes.
What are "Infant reflexes"?
The process of acquiring knowledge or skills through study, experience, or teaching, often a key element in the nurture debate.
What is "Learning"?
This developmental principle refers to the sequence of motor skill acquisition in infants, such as sitting, crawling, and walking, outlined by Gessel.
What is "Gessel’s genetic timetable"?
According to Erikson's theory, this stage involves children developing a sense of autonomy by performing simple tasks on their own.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Self-doubt"?
This term refers to a child's inability to understand that others may have different thoughts, feelings, or perspectives than their own.
What is "Egocentrism"?
This term refers to the ability to understand that an action can be reversed or undone, restoring the original condition.
What is "Reversibility"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical thinking.
What is "Cognitive Stage 4: Formal operational"?
A logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.
What is the "conservation"?
This encompasses the environmental and societal influences, beliefs, and customs transmitted within a particular group.
What is "Culture"?
This cognitive concept refers to an infant's understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.
What is "Object permanence"?
This term describes the anxiety infants feel when encountering unfamiliar individuals.
What is "Stranger anxiety"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to the lack of understanding that certain quantities remain the same even when their appearance changes.
What is "Lack of conservation"?
This term refers to the mental ability to understand that quantities remain the same even when their appearance changes.
What is "Conservation"?
This type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions or inferences from general principles and rules.
What is "deductive reasoning"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
What is "Schema"?
This term refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism, including physical, social, and cultural factors.
What is "Environment"?
According to Piaget's theory, this stage of cognitive development involves infants learning through sensory experiences and physical actions.
What is "Cognitive Stage 1: Sensorimotor"?
This term refers to the distress an infant experiences when separated from their primary caregiver.
What is "Separation anxiety"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children initiating tasks and developing a sense of purpose, or they experience feelings of guilt. (Stage)
What is "Psychosocial Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt"?
This term describes the ability to group objects into categories based on common features.
What is "Classification"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves adolescents actively exploring their identity and values, forming a clear sense of self.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
This process involves incorporating new information into existing mental frameworks or schemas.
What is "Assimilation"?
It encompasses the genetic material passed down from parents to offspring, influencing various traits and characteristics.
What are "Genes" or "Heredity"?
This term describes the process of brain development where unused neural connections are eliminated to increase efficiency.
What is "Brain development and pruning"?
This term relates to the emotional bond formed between an infant and their caregiver due to consistent care and responsiveness.
What is "Secure attachment"?
This term describes an emotional bond characterized by anxiety or uncertainty about the availability of a caregiver and inconsistent responses to the child's needs.
What is "Insecure attachment"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children developing a sense of competence by mastering tasks, or they may feel inadequate.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority"?
This term describes the state in which adolescents remain uncertain about their identity, lacking direction and experiencing confusion.
What is "Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
According to Piaget, this process involves modifying existing mental frameworks or creating new ones to incorporate new information.
What is "Accommodation"?