Nature V Nurture
This term represents a human's inborn or natural tendencies, behaviors, or capabilities.
What is "Innate" or "Instinct"?
These involuntary movements exhibited by infants are critical indicators of neurological development and play a role in the survival and adaptation of newborns.
What are "infant reflexes"?
This stage of psychosocial development during infancy focuses on establishing trust through the consistent meeting of basic needs by caregivers.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust"?
This stage, as described by Piaget, occurs from ages 2 to 7, where children use language and imagery to represent objects, though they struggle with logical reasoning and understanding the perspectives of others.
What is "Stage 2: Preoperational"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves thinking logically about tangible things and grasping the concept of conservation.
What is "Cognitive Stage 3: Concrete Operational"?
This term refers to the first occurrence of menstruation in females, signifying the onset of puberty.
What is "Menarche"?
These involuntary, automatic responses in infants include the rooting, Moro, and Babinski reflexes.
What are "Infant reflexes"?
Acquiring knowledge or skills through study, experience, or teaching is often a crucial aspect of the nurture debate.
What is "Learning"?
This process involves incorporating new experiences into existing cognitive frameworks, allowing children to adapt to their environment, as described by Piaget.
What is "assimilation"?
According to Erikson's theory, this stage involves children gaining autonomy by completing simple tasks independently.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Self-doubt"?
This term describes a child's inability to recognize that others may have different thoughts, feelings, or perspectives than their own.
What is "Egocentrism"?
This term refers to the ability to understand that an action can be reversed or undone, restoring the original condition.
What is "Reversibility"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical thinking.
What is "Cognitive Stage 4: Formal operational"?
A logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.
What is the "conservation"?
This refers to the environmental and societal influences, beliefs, and customs passed down within a specific group.
What is "Culture"?
This cognitive concept refers to an infant's understanding that objects exist even when they are not visible.
What is "Object permanence"?
This term refers to the anxiety that infants experience when they come into contact with unfamiliar people.
What is "Stranger anxiety"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to the lack of understanding that certain quantities remain the same even when their appearance changes.
What is "Lack of conservation"?
This term, coined by psychologist Lev Vygotsky, refers to the support and guidance provided by an adult or peer to help a child learn a new skill, gradually reducing assistance as the child becomes more competent.
What is "scaffolding"?
This type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions or inferences from general principles and rules.
What is "deductive reasoning"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
What is "Schema"?
This term refers to the total of all external factors that influence a person's life, development, and survival, including physical, social, and cultural aspects.
What is "Environment"?
According to Piaget's theory, infants learn during this cognitive development stage through sensory experiences and physical actions.
What is "Cognitive Stage 1: Sensorimotor"?
This term refers to the distress an infant experiences when separated from their primary caregiver.
What is "Separation anxiety"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children initiating tasks and developing a sense of purpose, or they experience feelings of guilt.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt"?
This term describes the ability to group objects into categories based on common features.
What is "Classification"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves adolescents actively exploring their identity and values, forming a clear sense of self.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
This process involves incorporating new information into existing mental frameworks or schemas.
What is "Assimilation"?
It includes the genetic material inherited from parents to offspring, shaping various traits and characteristics.
What are "Genes" or "Heredity"?
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, this process involves modifying existing mental frameworks to incorporate new information, as when a child learns that not all four-legged animals are dogs.
What is "Accomodation"?
This term refers to the emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, established through consistent care and responsiveness.
What is "Secure attachment"?
This term refers to the belief commonly held by children that inanimate objects possess feelings, thoughts, and intentions, often attributing life-like qualities to them.
What is "Animism"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children developing a sense of competence by mastering tasks, or they may feel inadequate.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority"?
This term describes the state in which adolescents remain uncertain about their identity, lacking direction and experiencing confusion.
What is "Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
According to Piaget, this process involves modifying existing mental frameworks or creating new ones to incorporate new information.
What is "Accommodation"?