Cell Communication
Bacteria secrete molecules to determine cell density through this method
Quorum Sensing
This type of signaling occurs between nearby cells and usually elicits a quick response
Paracrine Signaling
Found in the cytoplasm and often binds steroids or hormones
Intracellular Receptors
These type of molecules diffuse directly through the membrane
Hydrophobic
This phase of the cell cycle is often indicated by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell
Metaphase
This is the phase cells enter when they are not actively dividing
G0
Negative Regulators
This is a brief interphase without S phase that occurs prior to meiosis II
Interkinesis
This generation is considered the "true-breeding" generation
P generation
This type of genetic material has a deoxyribose sugar
DNA
These are the signaling molecules that bacteria secrete to communicate with one another
Autoinducers
This type of signaling occurs between neurons, releasing neurotransmitters
The 3 components of this receptor include an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain
Cell-Surface Receptors
This second messenger has a higher concentration in the ER than in the cytoplasm
Calcium (Ca2+)
During this phase, the nucleolus disappears and the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
Prophase
This marks the physical separation of the two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
The levels of these positive regulators fluctuate depending on what phase of the cell cycle is happening
Cyclins
This phase involves the crossing over of homologous chromosomes
Prophase I
This Mendelian Law states that alleles separate during the formation of gametes
Law of Segregation
The complex of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes
Chromatin
Yeast secrete these molecules in order to fuse and make a new cell
This type of signaling secretes hormones that travel throughout the bloodstream to reach their target cells
Endocrine Signaling
This receptor exchanges GDP for GTP upon binding of a signaling molecule
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
A method of signaling that involves the addition of a functional group to molecules
Phosphorylation
In this phase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
This checkpoint is used by the cell to make sure DNA is not damaged
G2 Checkpoint
This negative regulator halts the cell cycle and can lead to cancer if mutated
p53
During this phase, the chiasmata is broken and the tetrad of chromosomes is separated
Anaphase I
This is an organism that is heterozygous for two charateristics
Centromere
Programmed cell death coordinated by caspases
Apoptosis
This type of signaling involves cells being able to bind their own ligand
Autocrine Signaling
This receptor is amphipathic to allow for passage of charged molecules
Ion Channel Receptor
This second messenger can be made from ATP when needed
This phase of mitosis involves formation of the kinetochore at the centromere of each chromatid
Prometaphase
This checkpoint ensures that sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules
M Checkpoint
These are normal genes that code for positive cell cycle regulators
Proto-oncogenes
During this phase, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase II
This occurs when the dominant allele is not always the one that is observed phenotypically
Incomplete Penetrance
Prokaryotic DNA is found in this shape
Circle (Loop)
These are the 3 stages of cell signaling
1. Signal Reception
2. Signal Transduction
3. Cell Response
These connections between cells allow quick communication about current conditions
Gap Junctions
This receptor dimerizes and is phosphorylated upon ligand binding
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
This second messenger is cleaved by phospholipase C
Inositol Phospholipids
In this phase, spindle microtubules are depolymerized to reform the cytoskeleton
Telophase
This protein is responsible for splitting the nucleoid in prokaryotes
FtsZ or filamenting temperature sensitive mutant Z
This negative regulator bind transcription factors to block the transcription of proteins needed for G1/S transition
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
Metaphase I
This occurs when the expression of a gene at one locus alters the expression of a different gene at a second locus
Epistasis
Two copies of a duplicated chromosome that are attached to one another
Sister chromatids