Metabolic Integration
This molecule must be available for the Krebs cycle to function and allow fat burning.
What is Oxaloacetate
Vitamins are classified as organic, while these are inorganic.
What is Minerals
In redox reactions, this process means gaining electrons.
What is Reduction
Niacin is also known as this vitamin (letter + number).
What is Vitamin B3
Protein digestion begins mechanically in this part of the body.
What is mouth
This process maintains blood glucose during fasting when glycogen is depleted.
What is Gluconeogenesis
This group of micronutrients controls type II steroid hormone receptors.
What is Group I micronutrients
These reactive molecules are produced from electron leakage in the ETC.
What is Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
This amino acid can be converted into niacin in the liver.
What is Tryptophan
This enzyme, activated by HCl, begins protein digestion in the stomach.
What is Pepsin
➡Red blood cells rely on this as their sole energy source because they lack mitochondria.
What is Glucose
A deficiency in vitamins leads to this type of disease, characteristic of each vitamin.
What is Deficiency disease
These two molecules act as the primary electron carriers in metabolism.
What is NADH and FADH₂
Pellagra is caused by a deficiency in this vitamin.
What is Niacin
These inactive enzyme precursors are released by the pancreas.
What is Zymogens
During starvation, this molecule from fat breakdown becomes a key source for gluconeogenesis.
What is Glycerol
This mineral is required to produce thyroid hormone (T3).
What is Iodine
This enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and depends on selenium.
What is Glutathione peroxidase
NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ are derived from this vitamin.
What is Niacin
This transporter absorbs Fe²⁺ in the intestine (also relevant to micronutrients).
What is DMT1 (divalent metal transporter 1)
Explain why fat cannot be efficiently oxidized when oxaloacetate is depleted.
What is Oxaloacetate is diverted to gluconeogenesis, slowing the Krebs cycle and limiting fat oxidation.
Name ALL three micronutrients that directly act through steroid hormone receptors.
What is Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Iodine
The consequence of excess free Fe²⁺ in cells in terms of ROS chemistry?
What is Increased Fenton reactions leading to hydroxyl radical formation and cellular damage
Explain the difference in forms of niacin found in plant vs animal foods.
Plants contain nicotinic acid; animals contain NAD, NADP, and nicotinamide
Describe the activation cascade of pancreatic zymogens in the small intestine.
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin, which then activates other zymogens