Variability
Define unsystematic variance
Variability within individuals and/or groups of
individuals. This variability is random; some individuals change in one direction, others in another
direction, and some not at all.
Define statistical regression.
Occurs when individuals who are selected for the study deviate extremely from the norm, and then they regress back to the mean
What are two types of external validity?
Population and ecological
The definition of statistical validity
The results of the study were unlikely to be the result of chance
When is systematic variance desirable?
When it is associated with the independent variable.
What is resentful demoralization of the control group?
Control group believes that another group is
getting something desirable. They may become resentful and change their behaviors
What is treatment fidelity?
Extent to which the independent variable was
implemented as described: Was the intervention
delivered as intended?
Define social validity
This is whether society deems the research important and determined by critical research consumers based on aims, methods, and findings.
Is variability always good? Explain
In some cases, we want variability to occur! In other cases, variability can have a negative effect
on our research results. Thus, variability can be either friend or foe.
What is compensatory equalization of treatments?
Those in the control group receive something
additional as compensation to what is
normally received. Bonus! Why might this be a problem in your study?
Explain the Hawthorne effect
Change in behavior as a result of being aware of participating in the study
Is verification of the independent variable a population threat or an ecological threat to external validity?
Ecological
Define measurement error.
Measurement devices we use may be less than perfect. Measurement error equalizes after a high number of measurements. Related to the reliability of the measurement device. More unreliability means more measurement error
List 5 threats to internal validity
Maturation
Selection
Selection by
Maturation Interaction
Statistical Regression
Mortality
Instrumentation
Testing
History
Resentful
Diffusion of Treatment
Compensatory
Rivalry by the Control
Group
Compensatory
Equalization of
Treatments
List 5 threats to external validity
Generalization across Subjects
Interaction of Personological Variables and Treatment Effects
Verification of the Independent Variable
Multiple Treatment
Interference
Hawthorne Effect
Novelty of Disruption Effects
Experimenter Effects
Pretest Sensitization
Posttest Sensitization
Interaction of Time of Measurement and Treatment Effects
Measurement of the Dependent Variable
Interaction of History and Treatment Effects
True or false: Independent variable is intentionally applied when diffusion of treatment was not intended
false
Extraneous Variables are things that may affect or explain the dependent variable that was not the IV (undesirable). Confounding Variables are outside variables/factors that leads to a spurious relationship between the IV and DV because it is related to both.
How is testing a threat to internal validity?
Taking the pre-test can change the score on the post test.
Define pretest and post-test sensitization, and name which one is debatable.
Pretest Sensitization: Taking the pretest may make subjects more sensitive to the IV and hence change the posttest
Posttest Sensitization: Taking the posttest may make subjects more sensitive to the IV. However, this point is frequently debated whether this is the case or not
True or false: the change caused by manipulating an independent variable results in systematic variance.
Explain why for full points.
True