d a t e s
Who was Alexius I?
The Byzantine emperor who requested aid/troops from pope Urban to fight invading Turks
Define martyr
Greek for "witness;" the term for someone who dies for their religious beliefs
Who were the Vikings?
Diverse groups of navigators, merchants, and/or pirates from Scandinavia. They explored the North Atlantic and raided/settled further south in Europe during the 8th-10th centuries.
Who was Urban II?
The pope responsible for calling the first crusade
Sack of Rome
410
Who was Charlemagne?
Carolingian king whose conquests expanded the Frankish kingdom; crowed emperor by the pope
Define orthodoxy & heresy
Orthodoxy = true doctrine/teaching; Christian beliefs defined by Bishops' councils in the early church
Heresy = false doctrine/teaching; specifically, beliefs banned by Bishops' councils in the early church
Name three important leaders during the Crusades:
answers vary
What was hijra?
the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina - it marks the first year in the Islamic calendar (622).
Fall of the city of Rome
476
Name the Flavian Emperors in order
Vespasian, Titus, Domitian
Who was Augustine?
Fifth century North African bishop whose writings defined orthodoxy, making him the most influential theologian in Western civilization
What is a crusade? and what were the three outcomes of the First Crusade?
An armed pilgrimage. Massacre of Jews in the Rhineland, Sack of Jerusalem, and the Crusader States
What is feudalism?
a word used to describe hierarchy and the system of social obligation practiced in some places/times during the middle ages: lords > lesser nobles/knights > serfs/peasants
Crowning of Charlemagne
December 25, 800
Name the Julio-Claudian emperors in order
Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
What is the Nicene Creed?
Doctrines agreed upon by Constantine's council of bishops at Nicaea in 325; clarified the nature of the trinity (Father/Son of one substance) against Arianism
Describe the origins and growth of Islam in the 7th century.
Muhammad, a trader, received vision calling him to worship God of Jews/Christians; wrote down revelations in what would be called the Qur'an; his religion spreads throughout Middle East/N. Africa; etc.
What are some ways that the spread of Islam affected culture?
United the Bedouin tribes, new forms of poetry/learning, better status for women, religion/government combined; relative peace est. btwn Muslims/Christians/Jews in Muslim controlled lands until the Crusades started.
First Crusade
1096-1099
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Who were the Visigoths?
'barbarian' groups united by Alaric who led a military campaign against the Western Roman Empire; sacked Rome in 410
What are the five pillars of Islam?
zakat/alms, fast of Ramadan, hajj/pilgrimage to Mecca, salat/formal worship, Shahadah/profession of faith
What does medieval mean? Give a robust definition.
A broad, generic term to describe the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, c. 500-1400.
Originally not a flattering term, the Medieval Period was actually a time of creativity, scholarship, innovation, multiethnicity, and localism.